Cardiovascular and Circulatory System Pt.1

Question 1

The cardiovascular system includes?

Answer 1

1. Heart (pump)
2. Blood (fluid)
3. Blood vessels including capillaries (tubes)

Question 2

What does the cardiovascular system transport?

Answer 2

Materials throughout the body

Question 3

What does the cardiovascular system transport from the external environment?

Answer 3

1. Nutrients
2. Water
3. Gases

Question 4

What materials does the cardiovascular system transport between cells?

Answer 4

1. Hormones
2. Immune cells
3. Antibodies

Question 5

What waste eliminated by cells does the cardiovascular system transport?

Answer 5

1. Heat
2. Metabolic waste

Question 6

The heart has _________ chambers

Answer 6

Four

Question 7

Thin-walled upper chambers are called?

Answer 7

Paired atria

Question 8

Thick-walled lower chambers are called?

Answer 8

Paired ventricles

Question 9

The heart is mostly made of _________

Answer 9

Myocardium (cardiac muscle)

Question 10

What is the heart encased in?

Answer 10

Pericardium (connective tissue)

Question 11

The two major blood circuits are

Answer 11

1. Pulmonary circulation
2. Systemic circulation

Question 12

Pulmonary circulation is

Answer 12

Blood flow between the heart and lungs to oxygenate blood

Question 13

Systemic circulation provides

Answer 13

Blood flow between the heart and the rest of body to deliver oxygenated blood

Question 14

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

Answer 14

Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart, whereas veins RETURN blood to the heart

Question 15

In systemic circulation do arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Answer 15

Oxygenated

Question 16

In pulmonary circulation do arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

Answer 16

Deoxygenated

Question 17

What is the 3rd circuit and what does it do?

Answer 17

Coronary circulation,supplies the surface of the heart

Question 18

Coronary arteries supply ________________

Answer 18

Oxygenated blood and originate from the base of the aorta

Question 19

Coronary veins ____________

Answer 19

Largely drain into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium

Question 20

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) is caused by?

Answer 20

Reduced myocardial blood flow from coronary artery blockage, that can damage the heart muscle

Question 21

Blood flows sequentially through?

Answer 21

1.Venar cavae (from body circulation)
2. Right atrium
3. Right ventricle
4. Pulmonary artery (to pulmonary circulation)
5. Pulmonary veins (from pulmonary circulation)
6. Left atrium
7. Left ventricle
8. Aorta (to body circulation)

Question 22

What happens when atria contract?

Answer 22

Move blood into ventricles

Question 23

What happens when ventricles contract?

Answer 23

Move blood out of the heart

Question 24

What do heart valves ensure?

Answer 24

One way flow in the heart

Question 25

Atrioventricular valves are between ________ and the right valve is _________ and the left valve is ______

Answer 25

-Between atria and ventricles -Tricuspid valve separates RIGHT atrium and ventricle -Bicuspid (mitral) valve separates LEFT atrium and ventricle

Question 26

Semilunar valves are between ________ and the right valve is _________ and the left valve is ______

Answer 26

-Between ventricles and arteries -Pulmonary valve separates RIGHT ventricle and pulmonary trunk -Aortic valve separates LEFT ventricle and aorta

Question 27

What are most of the cells of the heart?

Answer 27

Myocardium cells (cardiac muscle cells)

Question 28

What are myocardium cells?

Answer 28

Striated fibers organized into sarcomeres

Question 29

What are 1% of myocardium cells ?

Answer 29

Autorhytmic (pacemaker) cells, that generate action potentials

Question 30

Autorhythmic (pacemaker) cells have ______

Answer 30

1. No orgainzed saromeres 2. Smaller with few contractile fibers 3. Do not contribute to contractile force of heart

Question 31

What are myocardium cells joined by?

Answer 31

A complex network joined by intercalated discs (cell junctions)

Question 32

What are the two major components of intercalated discs

Answer 32

1. Desmosomes 2. Gap junctions

Question 33

What are desmosomes?

Answer 33

Strong connections that tie adjacent cells together

Question 34

What do gap junctions do?

Answer 34

Electrically connect cardiac cells

Question 35

Compared to skeletal muscle cells, myocardium cells____?

Answer 35

1. Smaller with single nucleus per fiber 2. Branched and join neighboring cells through intercalated disks 3. Have gap junctions 4. Have more mitochondria (occupy 1/3 of cell volume)

Question 36

Cardiac muscle has __________ similar to skeletal muscle

Answer 36

Excitation-contraction (EC) coupling

Question 37

What triggers excitation _________

Answer 37

Action potential

Question 38

Excitation is triggered by an action potential. Which _____________ and Spreads ____________

Answer 38

-Spontaneously originated in hearts pacemaker cells -Spreads into contractile cells via gap junctions

Question 39

Myocardium EC coupling involves ___________

Answer 39

Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release (CICR)

Question 40

Excitation coupling in Myocardium cells

Answer 40

1. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the cell membrane open 2. Ryanodine (RYR) open in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in response to inflow of Ca2+, releasing more Ca2+ -Ca2+ spark summed sparks in a cell lead to contraction 3. Intracellular Ca2+ binds troponin, leading to contraction by a similar mechanism to skeletal muscle

Question 41

Myocardium force generated is determined by_____

Answer 41

1. Number of active cross-bridges (depends on how much calcium is bound to troponin) 2. Sarcomere length (depends on how much blood is in the heart chamber)

Question 42

Longer action potential prevents ________

Answer 42

Tetanus muscle must relax between contractions to fill with blood

Question 43

Phases are due to changes in ____________

Answer 43

Voltage-gated ion channels

Question 44

In cardiac muscle, the refractory period is almost as long as the twitch, preventing __________

Answer 44

Summation/ tetanus

Question 45

Myocardial autorhythmic cells can spontaneously generate _________

Answer 45

Action potentials via ion movement through channels

Question 46

Initial depolarization to threshold is due to (autorhythmic cells)

Answer 46

Ca2+ inflow

Question 47

Rapid depolarization is due to (autorhythmic cells)

Answer 47

Ca2+ inflow

Question 48

Repolarization is due to (autorhythmic cells)

Answer 48

K+ outflow