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Exam 3 Human Phys > Cardiovascular and Circulatory System Pt.1 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Circulatory System Pt.1 Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system includes?

A
  1. Heart (pump)
  2. Blood (fluid)
  3. Blood vessels including capillaries (tubes)
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2
Q

What does the cardiovascular system transport?

A

Materials throughout the body

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3
Q

What does the cardiovascular system transport from the external environment?

A
  1. Nutrients
  2. Water
  3. Gases
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4
Q

What materials does the cardiovascular system transport between cells?

A
  1. Hormones
  2. Immune cells
  3. Antibodies
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5
Q

What waste eliminated by cells does the cardiovascular system transport?

A
  1. Heat
  2. Metabolic waste
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6
Q

The heart has _________ chambers

A

Four

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7
Q

Thin-walled upper chambers are called?

A

Paired atria

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8
Q

Thick-walled lower chambers are called?

A

Paired ventricles

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9
Q

The heart is mostly made of _________

A

Myocardium (cardiac muscle)

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10
Q

What is the heart encased in?

A

Pericardium (connective tissue)

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11
Q

The two major blood circuits are

A
  1. Pulmonary circulation
  2. Systemic circulation
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12
Q

Pulmonary circulation is

A

Blood flow between the heart and lungs to oxygenate blood

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13
Q

Systemic circulation provides

A

Blood flow between the heart and the rest of body to deliver oxygenated blood

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14
Q

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart, whereas veins RETURN blood to the heart

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15
Q

In systemic circulation do arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated

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16
Q

In pulmonary circulation do arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Deoxygenated

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17
Q

What is the 3rd circuit and what does it do?

A

Coronary circulation,supplies the surface of the heart

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18
Q

Coronary arteries supply ________________

A

Oxygenated blood and originate from the base of the aorta

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19
Q

Coronary veins ____________

A

Largely drain into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium

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20
Q

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) is caused by?

A

Reduced myocardial blood flow from coronary artery blockage, that can damage the heart muscle

21
Q

Blood flows sequentially through?

A

1.Venar cavae (from body circulation)
2. Right atrium
3. Right ventricle
4. Pulmonary artery (to pulmonary circulation)
5. Pulmonary veins (from pulmonary circulation)
6. Left atrium
7. Left ventricle
8. Aorta (to body circulation)

22
Q

What happens when atria contract?

A

Move blood into ventricles

23
Q

What happens when ventricles contract?

A

Move blood out of the heart

24
Q

What do heart valves ensure?

A

One way flow in the heart

25
Q

Atrioventricular valves are between ________ and the right valve is _________ and the left valve is ______

A

-Between atria and ventricles
-Tricuspid valve separates RIGHT atrium and ventricle
-Bicuspid (mitral) valve separates LEFT atrium and ventricle

26
Q

Semilunar valves are between ________ and the right valve is _________ and the left valve is ______

A

-Between ventricles and arteries
-Pulmonary valve separates RIGHT ventricle and pulmonary trunk
-Aortic valve separates LEFT ventricle and aorta

27
Q

What are most of the cells of the heart?

A

Myocardium cells (cardiac muscle cells)

28
Q

What are myocardium cells?

A

Striated fibers organized into sarcomeres

29
Q

What are 1% of myocardium cells ?

A

Autorhytmic (pacemaker) cells, that generate action potentials

30
Q

Autorhythmic (pacemaker) cells have ______

A
  1. No orgainzed saromeres
  2. Smaller with few contractile fibers
  3. Do not contribute to contractile force of heart
31
Q

What are myocardium cells joined by?

A

A complex network joined by intercalated discs (cell junctions)

32
Q

What are the two major components of intercalated discs

A
  1. Desmosomes
  2. Gap junctions
33
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

Strong connections that tie adjacent cells together

34
Q

What do gap junctions do?

A

Electrically connect cardiac cells

35
Q

Compared to skeletal muscle cells, myocardium cells____?

A
  1. Smaller with single nucleus per fiber
  2. Branched and join neighboring cells through intercalated disks
  3. Have gap junctions
  4. Have more mitochondria (occupy 1/3 of cell volume)
36
Q

Cardiac muscle has __________ similar to skeletal muscle

A

Excitation-contraction (EC) coupling

37
Q

What triggers excitation _________

A

Action potential

38
Q

Excitation is triggered by an action potential. Which _____________ and Spreads ____________

A

-Spontaneously originated in hearts pacemaker cells
-Spreads into contractile cells via gap junctions

39
Q

Myocardium EC coupling involves ___________

A

Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release (CICR)

40
Q

Excitation coupling in Myocardium cells

A
  1. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the cell membrane open
  2. Ryanodine (RYR) open in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in response to inflow of Ca2+, releasing more Ca2+
    -Ca2+ spark summed sparks in a cell lead to contraction
  3. Intracellular Ca2+ binds troponin, leading to contraction by a similar mechanism to skeletal muscle
41
Q

Myocardium force generated is determined by_____

A
  1. Number of active cross-bridges (depends on how much calcium is bound to troponin)
  2. Sarcomere length (depends on how much blood is in the heart chamber)
42
Q

Longer action potential prevents ________

A

Tetanus muscle must relax between contractions to fill with blood

43
Q

Phases are due to changes in ____________

A

Voltage-gated ion channels

44
Q

In cardiac muscle, the refractory period is almost as long as the twitch, preventing __________

A

Summation/ tetanus

45
Q

Myocardial autorhythmic cells can spontaneously generate _________

A

Action potentials via ion movement through channels

46
Q

Initial depolarization to threshold is due to (autorhythmic cells)

A

Ca2+ inflow

47
Q

Rapid depolarization is due to (autorhythmic cells)

A

Ca2+ inflow

48
Q

Repolarization is due to (autorhythmic cells)

A

K+ outflow

Exam 3 Human Phys (5 decks)

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