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Exam 3 Human Phys > Cardiovascular and Circulatory System Pt.2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Circulatory System Pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Electrical communication in the heart beings with ____________

A

An action potential in an autorhythmic cell

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2
Q

How does depolarization spread to adjacent cells?

A

Through gap junctions in the intercalated discs

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3
Q

Electrical communication in the heart creates wave of depolarization in __________

A

Contractile myocardium

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4
Q

Electrical signals move through the heart in the following coordinated manner ___________

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) node
  2. Internodal pathway
  3. Atrioventricular (AV) node
  4. AV bundle (bundle of his)
  5. Left and right bundle branches
  6. Purkinje fibers
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5
Q

The SA node originates

A

The action potential

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6
Q

The SA node spreads _________ and _______

A

Rapidly through internodal pathways and spreads more slowly via contractile cells of atrium

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7
Q

The SA node cannot spread

A

Directly from atrium to ventricle due to fibrous tissue

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8
Q

The AV node moves

A

Signal atrium to ventricle

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9
Q

From the AV node spreads

A

To apex of the heart via AV bundle and left and right bundle branches

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10
Q

Small purkinje fibers rapidly

A

Transmit impulses, contractile cells of apex contract almost simultaneously

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11
Q

The AV node pathway directs electrical signals

A

To the apex of the ventricles first

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12
Q

The AV node slows down the

A

Transmission of action potentials (AV node delay), which allows atrium and ventricle to contract

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13
Q

The SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart (sets the heartbeat) BUT

A
  1. Other conducting cells can spontaneously generate action potential, but have slower rhythm
  2. If the SA node is disrupted, other nodes can set heartbeat
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14
Q

An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows _________

A

The summed electrical activity generated by cells of the heart, this is not the same as an action potential which is for an individual cell

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15
Q

What are electrocardiogram (ECG) measured by ___________

A

Leads,
1. One positive electrode
2. One negative electrode
3. One inactive

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16
Q

An upward deflection on an electrocardiogram (ECG) means _________

A

Depolarization

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17
Q

A downward deflection on an electrocardiogram (ECG) means __________

A

Repolarization

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18
Q

In an electrocardiogram (ECG) upward vs downward deflection represents ________

A

Movement towards vs from positive electrode

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19
Q

ECG has three waves (movements below or above the baseline) what are they?

A
  1. P wave
  2. QRS complex
  3. T wave
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20
Q

P wave

A

Depolarization of the atria

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21
Q

QRS complex

A

Wave of the ventricular depolarization (atrial repolarization is part of QRS)

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22
Q

T wave

A

Repolarization of the ventricle

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23
Q

What are the two major segments (sections between waves) in an ECG?

A
  1. P-R segment
  2. T-P segment
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24
Q

P-R segment

A

AV nodal delay

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25
Q

T-P segment

A

Ventricular and atrial releaxtion

26
Q

Heart rate is

A

Time between two P waves or two Q waves

27
Q

A faster-than-normal heart rate is called?

A

Tachycardia

28
Q

A slower-than-normal heart rate is called?

A

Bradycardia

29
Q

An irregular rhythm is called __________

A

Arrhythmia

30
Q

Atrial fibrillation (Arrhythmia) is ____________

A

Rapid and irregular beating originating in the atria

31
Q

Ventricular fibrillation (Arrhythmia) is ____________

A

Rapid and irregular beating originating in ventricles

32
Q

A heart block is

A

Action potentials from SA node failed to be transmitted through AV node

33
Q

The cardiac cycle is

A

A single contraction-relaxation cycle

34
Q

Mechanical events lag behind electrical events: contraction follows ___________

A

Action potential

35
Q

Due to periods of contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles _______

A

Diastole and systole

36
Q

Diastole is

A

Cardiac muscle relaxation (filling)

37
Q

Systole is

A

Cardiac muscle contraction (pumping)

38
Q

What are the five phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Late diastole
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Isovolumic ventricular contraction
  4. Ventricular ejection
  5. Isovolumic ventricular relaxation
39
Q

Late diastole is the heart

A

At rest

40
Q

Atrial systole is the

A

Completion of ventricular filling

41
Q

EDV

A

End-diastolic volume

42
Q

Isovolumic ventricular contraction is

A

High ventricular pressure, no blood in or out

43
Q

Ventricular ejection is

A

Heart pumps

44
Q

ESV

A

End systolic volume

45
Q

Isovolumic ventricular relaxation is

A

Low ventricular pressure, no blood in or out

46
Q

Av valves open when ________

A

Ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure, causing the cycle to begin again

47
Q

The wigger diagram follows ________

A

Heart pressure,left ventricular volumes, and the ECG

48
Q

Stroke volume (SV) is

A

The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction (mL per beat)

49
Q

What is the average stroke volume (SV)?

A

Average= 70 mL (70-kg man at rest)

50
Q

Cardiac output (CO) is

A

The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in a given period of time (in L/min)

51
Q

What impacts stroke volume (SV)?

A
  1. Contractility
  2. Length-tension
  3. Venous return
52
Q

What is contractility?

A

The intrinsic inability of a cardiac muscle fiber to contract

53
Q

What is length-tension? Frank-starling law?

A

Increased blood in the ventricle (preload) leads to a stronger contraction and the Frank-starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportionate to EDV

54
Q

What is venous return?

A

The amount of blood entering the heart

55
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Modulates heart rate

56
Q

Sympathetic division ____________

A

Increases heartrate

57
Q

Sympathetic division activates _______ and ______

A

-Activates Beta1-adrenergic receptors on the autorhythmic cells
-Depolarizes cell

58
Q

Parasympathetic division ___________

A

Decreases heart rate

59
Q

Parasympathetic division activates _____ and _____

A

-Activates acetylcholine receptors on the autorhythmic cells
-Hyperpolizes cell

60
Q

A polygraph measures ________________

A

Physiological variables, like heart rate, while a person answers a series of questions

61
Q

What do beta blockers do?

A

Bind and block beta1-adrenergic receptors

Exam 3 Human Phys (5 decks)

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