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Exam 3 Human Phys > Cardiovascular and Circulatory System Pt.2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and Circulatory System Pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Electrical communication in the heart beings with ____________

A

An action potential in an autorhythmic cell

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2
Q

How does depolarization spread to adjacent cells?

A

Through gap junctions in the intercalated discs

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3
Q

Electrical communication in the heart creates wave of depolarization in __________

A

Contractile myocardium

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4
Q

Electrical signals move through the heart in the following coordinated manner ___________

A
  1. Sinoatrial (SA) node
  2. Internodal pathway
  3. Atrioventricular (AV) node
  4. AV bundle (bundle of his)
  5. Left and right bundle branches
  6. Purkinje fibers
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5
Q

The SA node originates

A

The action potential

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6
Q

The SA node spreads _________ and _______

A

Rapidly through internodal pathways and spreads more slowly via contractile cells of atrium

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7
Q

The SA node cannot spread

A

Directly from atrium to ventricle due to fibrous tissue

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8
Q

The AV node moves

A

Signal atrium to ventricle

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9
Q

From the AV node spreads

A

To apex of the heart via AV bundle and left and right bundle branches

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10
Q

Small purkinje fibers rapidly

A

Transmit impulses, contractile cells of apex contract almost simultaneously

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11
Q

The AV node pathway directs electrical signals

A

To the apex of the ventricles first

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12
Q

The AV node slows down the

A

Transmission of action potentials (AV node delay), which allows atrium and ventricle to contract

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13
Q

The SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart (sets the heartbeat) BUT

A
  1. Other conducting cells can spontaneously generate action potential, but have slower rhythm
  2. If the SA node is disrupted, other nodes can set heartbeat
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14
Q

An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows _________

A

The summed electrical activity generated by cells of the heart, this is not the same as an action potential which is for an individual cell

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15
Q

What are electrocardiogram (ECG) measured by ___________

A

Leads,
1. One positive electrode
2. One negative electrode
3. One inactive

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16
Q

An upward deflection on an electrocardiogram (ECG) means _________

A

Depolarization

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17
Q

A downward deflection on an electrocardiogram (ECG) means __________

A

Repolarization

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18
Q

In an electrocardiogram (ECG) upward vs downward deflection represents ________

A

Movement towards vs from positive electrode

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19
Q

ECG has three waves (movements below or above the baseline) what are they?

A
  1. P wave
  2. QRS complex
  3. T wave
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20
Q

P wave

A

Depolarization of the atria

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21
Q

QRS complex

A

Wave of the ventricular depolarization (atrial repolarization is part of QRS)

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22
Q

T wave

A

Repolarization of the ventricle

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23
Q

What are the two major segments (sections between waves) in an ECG?

A
  1. P-R segment
  2. T-P segment
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24
Q

P-R segment

A

AV nodal delay

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25
T-P segment
Ventricular and atrial releaxtion
26
Heart rate is
Time between two P waves or two Q waves
27
A faster-than-normal heart rate is called?
Tachycardia
28
A slower-than-normal heart rate is called?
Bradycardia
29
An irregular rhythm is called __________
Arrhythmia
30
Atrial fibrillation (Arrhythmia) is ____________
Rapid and irregular beating originating in the atria
31
Ventricular fibrillation (Arrhythmia) is ____________
Rapid and irregular beating originating in ventricles
32
A heart block is
Action potentials from SA node failed to be transmitted through AV node
33
The cardiac cycle is
A single contraction-relaxation cycle
34
Mechanical events lag behind electrical events: contraction follows ___________
Action potential
35
Due to periods of contraction and relaxation of atria and ventricles _______
Diastole and systole
36
Diastole is
Cardiac muscle relaxation (filling)
37
Systole is
Cardiac muscle contraction (pumping)
38
What are the five phases of the cardiac cycle?
1. Late diastole 2. Atrial systole 3. Isovolumic ventricular contraction 4. Ventricular ejection 5. Isovolumic ventricular relaxation
39
Late diastole is the heart
At rest
40
Atrial systole is the
Completion of ventricular filling
41
EDV
End-diastolic volume
42
Isovolumic ventricular contraction is
High ventricular pressure, no blood in or out
43
Ventricular ejection is
Heart pumps
44
ESV
End systolic volume
45
Isovolumic ventricular relaxation is
Low ventricular pressure, no blood in or out
46
Av valves open when ________
Ventricular pressure drops below atrial pressure, causing the cycle to begin again
47
The wigger diagram follows ________
Heart pressure,left ventricular volumes, and the ECG
48
Stroke volume (SV) is
The amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction (mL per beat)
49
What is the average stroke volume (SV)?
Average= 70 mL (70-kg man at rest)
50
Cardiac output (CO) is
The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in a given period of time (in L/min)
51
What impacts stroke volume (SV)?
1. Contractility 2. Length-tension 3. Venous return
52
What is contractility?
The intrinsic inability of a cardiac muscle fiber to contract
53
What is length-tension? Frank-starling law?
Increased blood in the ventricle (preload) leads to a stronger contraction and the Frank-starling law of the heart states that stroke volume is proportionate to EDV
54
What is venous return?
The amount of blood entering the heart
55
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Modulates heart rate
56
Sympathetic division ____________
Increases heartrate
57
Sympathetic division activates _______ and ______
-Activates Beta1-adrenergic receptors on the autorhythmic cells -Depolarizes cell
58
Parasympathetic division ___________
Decreases heart rate
59
Parasympathetic division activates _____ and _____
-Activates acetylcholine receptors on the autorhythmic cells -Hyperpolizes cell
60
A polygraph measures ________________
Physiological variables, like heart rate, while a person answers a series of questions
61
What do beta blockers do?
Bind and block beta1-adrenergic receptors

Exam 3 Human Phys (5 decks)

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