Respiratory System Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Expiration

A

process that moves air out of lungs

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2
Q

true or false: during expiration intra-alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure?

A

true

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3
Q

true or false: resting expiration is a passive process

A

true

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4
Q

process of resting expiration

A
  1. diaphragm and external intercostals relax
  2. Thoracic cavity and lungs return to original size
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5
Q

Who aids the lungs in the process of inspiration and expiration?

A

elastic tissue in lungs and thoracic wall

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6
Q

What happens during resting expiration?

A

lung volume decreases
intra-alveolar pressure increases to +1 cm of H2O (pushes air out)

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7
Q

True or false: air outflow continues until both pressures are equal

A

true

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8
Q

Forceful expiration requires muscle contraction:

A
  1. intercostal muscles (depress and retract the ribs)
  2. abdominal muscles (force abdominal viscera and diaphragm upward)
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9
Q

True or False: muscle contraction further decreases volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs

A

true; causing a greater increase in intra-alveolar pressure, causing more air to flow out.

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10
Q

In a healthy adult number of breathing cycles per min?

A

12- 15

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11
Q

breathing cycle

A

one inspiration followed by one expiration

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12
Q

True or false: volume of air inhaled and exhaled during resting and forceful breathing cycle varies?

A

true

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13
Q

factors that affect breathing cycle

A
  1. size
  2. age
  3. sex
  4. physical condtion
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14
Q

true or false: volumes 80% or less than healthy range indicate pulmonary disease

A

true

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15
Q

spirometers

A

used to determine respiratory volume

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16
Q

spirogram

A

graphic record of air volume being exchanged

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17
Q

Tidal Volume (VT)

A

volume of air exchanged (inhaled or exhaled) during a resting breathing cycle.

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18
Q

Normal tidal volume

A

500 mL

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19
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

max. volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after tidal inspiration

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20
Q

normal inspiration reserve volume

A

3,000 mL

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21
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

Max. volume of air forcefully exhaled after tidal expiration

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22
Q

normal expiration reserve volume

A

1,100 mL

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23
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

volume of air in lungs after expelling ERV

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24
Q

normal residual volume

A

1,200 mL

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25
Q

True or False: residual volume exists because of intrapleural pressure and surfactant

A

true

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26
Q

True or false: respiration capacities can be calculated by the summation of 2 or more respiratory volumes.

A

true

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27
Q

Vital capacity (VT + IRV + ERV)

A

max. amount of air that can be exchanged

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28
Q

normal vital capacity (VC)

A

4,600 mL

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29
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

VC+ RV

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30
Q

normal value for total lung capacity

A

5,800 mL

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31
Q

Centers for involuntary control of breathing are located

A

medulla oblongata and pons

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32
Q

Who controls voluntary override of breathing?

A

primary motor area of cerebral cortex

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33
Q

Respiratory Rhythmicity Center

A

2 bilateral groups of neurons in the medulla oblongata

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34
Q

Groups of Respiratory Rhythmicity Center

A
  1. Ventral Respiratory Group
  2. Dorsal Respiratory Group
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35
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group

A

responsible for normal rhythmic cycle of breathing (inspiration and expiration) ;

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36
Q

The neurons in Ventral Respiratory Group send action potentials to _____ and _____ .

A

diaphragm and external intercostalsl; causing them to contract

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37
Q

How long does inspiration last?

A

2 seconds

38
Q

How long does expiration last?

A

3 seconds; muscles relax

39
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Group

A

center for receiving and integrating input from sensory sources;

40
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Group include:

A
  1. baroreceptors
  2. Central chemoreceptors
  3. Irritant receptors
  4. thermoreceptors
41
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Group sends action potentials to ________.

A

Ventral Respiratory Group; to alter breathing as the needs of the body change (accordance to sensory input).
deeper or shallower, faster or slower

42
Q

Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)

A

located in pons; receives input from higher brain centers.

43
Q

Function of PRG

A

sends action potentials to DRG and VRG to modify breathing pattern. Has neurons that stimulate or inhibit DRG and VRG.

44
Q

True or false: PRG alters the rate and depth of breathing

A

true; can either speed up or slow down transition from inspiration to expiration

45
Q

Examples of PRG

A

adapts breathing to speaking, singing, exercise, sleep and emotional responses (crying gasping)

46
Q

Chemical factors in blood and cerebrospinal fluid that affect respiration are:

A
  1. CO2
  2. H+
  3. O2
47
Q

H+

A

by product of CO2 transport; increase CO2 concentration will increase H+ .

48
Q

_________ in the medulla oblongata detect changes in H+ and CO2 in CSF.

A

central chemoreceptors ( sensory receptors)

49
Q

True or false: central chemoreceptors are sensitive to increase in H+ and CO2.

A

true

50
Q

______ in carotid and aortic bodies detect changes in H+, CO2 and O2 in blood.

A

peripheral chemoreceptors; strategically located to monitor blood going to the brain

51
Q

What happens if CO2 and H+ increase in blood or CSF?

A

DRG stimulates the VRG to increase rate and depth of breathing; causes loss of CO2 and H+, which lowers levels of homeostasis.

52
Q

What happens if CO2 and H+ decrease in blood or CSF?

A

breathing will be shallow, provides time for concentrations to increase back to homeostasis.

53
Q

True or false: peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are sensitive to decline in blood O2 concentration.

A

true

54
Q

true or false: O2 levels have little effect on rate and depth of breathing unless they are very low

A

true

55
Q

where are baroreceptors found?

A
  1. bronchi
  2. bronchioles
  3. visceral pleurae
56
Q

True or false: baroreceptors are sensitive to lung inflation

A

true

57
Q

Activation of baroreceptors (inflation reflex)

A
  1. Inspiration activates baroreceptors
  2. Baroreceptors send action potentials via vagus nerve to DRG
  3. Action potential causing inspiration are inhibited; promotes expiration and prevents excessively deep inspirations that may damage the lungs.
58
Q

Irritant receptors

A

irritant receptors are sensitive to chemical and physical irritants in respiratory tract
smoke, dust, excessive amount of mucus

59
Q

Activation of Irritant receptors (irritant reflex)

A
  1. when stimulated by irritants, receptors send action potential to the DRG.
  2. DRG alter VRG function which triggers a reflex contraction of the respiratory muscles to trigger a sneeze or cough to expel the irritants from the respiratory tract.
60
Q

Higher Brain Centers

A

action potentials voluntarily generated by cerebral cortex;

61
Q

When do voluntarily action potentials occur?

A

when a person chooses to alter the pattern of resin breathing.

62
Q

true or false: voluntary control is limited

A

true

63
Q

Involuntary action potentials from cerebral cortex and hypothalamus

A

created during emotional experienced that activated the autonomic division

64
Q

Examples of involuntary actions

A

fear, anxiety, excitement can increase breathing rate

65
Q

True or false: sudden emotional experience, like a sharp pain or sudden cold stimulus can cause apnea (momentarily stop breathing)

A

true

66
Q

True or false: increase body temp, increase breathing rate

A

true; exercise or fever

67
Q

alveolar gas exchange

A

gas exchange between air in pulmonary alveoli and blood in capillaries that surround them.

68
Q

process of alveolar gas exchange:

A
  1. alveolar air has higher concentration of O2 and lower concentration of CO2 than blood in capillaries
69
Q

diffusion across respiratory membrane

A

O2 moves from air into blood
CO2 moves from blood into air

70
Q

Blood entering the alveolar capillaries is O2 ______ and CO2 _____.

A

poor and rich

71
Q

Blood leaving the alveolar capillaries is O2 ______ and CO2 _____.

A

rich and poor

72
Q

Systematic Gas Exchange ( gas exchange between blood in capillaries and tissue cells)

A

After blood has been oxygenated it returns to the heart and is pumped throughout the body to supply the tissue cells through systematic gas exchange.

73
Q

True or false: systematic gas exchange involves diffusion across capillary wall

A

true

74
Q

Process of systematic gas exchange :

A
  1. blood entering tissues is O2 rich and CO2 poor
  2. Tissue cells have lower concentration of O2 and higher concentration of CO2 than blood in capillaries.
    * o2 moves from blood into interstitial fluid and then into tissue cells.
    * CO2 moves from tissue cells into interstitial fluid and then into blood.
75
Q

Percent of O2 that enters alveolar capillaries through RBC (alveolar gas exchange)

A

98.5%

76
Q

Where does the O2 bind in the RBC? (alveolar gas exchange)

A

bind to the heme of hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin (1.5% dissolved in plasma)

77
Q

Percent of O2 that enters resting (systematic gas exchange)

A

25% O2 is released so it can diffuse out of the capillary; forms deoxyhemoglobin

78
Q

true or false: the bond between O2 and hemoglobin is unstable

A

true; reason why hemoglobin is an effective carrier of oxygen .

79
Q

If surrounding O2 level is high, hemoglobin _________ binds to O2.

A

readily, willingly

80
Q

If surrounding O2 level is low , hemoglobin _________ release O2.

A

readily, willingly

81
Q

Modes of transportation of CO2 when it diffuses to capillary blood:

A

7% dissolve in plasma
23% enters RBC to combine with globin of hemoglobin to form carbinohemoglobin
70% enter RBC and combine with water to form carbonic acid

82
Q

true or false hemoglobin can transport CO2 and O2 at the same time

A

true; have different biding sites

83
Q

CO2 + H2O = carbonic acid

A

reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase
carbonic acid rapid dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate ions

84
Q

What happens whit bicarbonate ions?

A

diffuse out of RBCS into plasma for transport to lungs

85
Q

true or false: all these reactions run in reverse in the lungs to release CO2 for diffusion into pulmonary alveoli.

A

true

86
Q

respiratory disorders are grouped :

A
  1. inflammatory disorders
  2. Non- inflammatory disorders
87
Q

Chonic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (inflammatory)

A

long term obstruction that reduces airflow to and from lung.
Include chronic bronchitis and Emphysema

88
Q

Bronchitis (inflammatory)

A

inflammation of bronchi accompanied by excessive mucus production partially obstructing airflow.

89
Q

Acute bronchitis:

A

viral or bacterial infection

90
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

chronic asthmatics and smokers (due to persistent exposure to irritants)

91
Q

Emphysema (inflammatory)

A

due to long term expose to airborne irritants (tobacco)
large spaces form when pulmonary alveoli ruptured and air becomes trapped in pulmonary alveoli due to excess mucus production in bronchioles.