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Biología Humana II > Respiratory System Part II > Flashcards

Respiratory System Part II Flashcards

1
Q

Expiration

A

process that moves air out of lungs

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2
Q

true or false: during expiration intra-alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure?

A

true

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3
Q

true or false: resting expiration is a passive process

A

true

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4
Q

process of resting expiration

A
  1. diaphragm and external intercostals relax
  2. Thoracic cavity and lungs return to original size
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5
Q

Who aids the lungs in the process of inspiration and expiration?

A

elastic tissue in lungs and thoracic wall

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6
Q

What happens during resting expiration?

A

lung volume decreases
intra-alveolar pressure increases to +1 cm of H2O (pushes air out)

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7
Q

True or false: air outflow continues until both pressures are equal

A

true

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8
Q

Forceful expiration requires muscle contraction:

A
  1. intercostal muscles (depress and retract the ribs)
  2. abdominal muscles (force abdominal viscera and diaphragm upward)
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9
Q

True or False: muscle contraction further decreases volume of the thoracic cavity and lungs

A

true; causing a greater increase in intra-alveolar pressure, causing more air to flow out.

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10
Q

In a healthy adult number of breathing cycles per min?

A

12- 15

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11
Q

breathing cycle

A

one inspiration followed by one expiration

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12
Q

True or false: volume of air inhaled and exhaled during resting and forceful breathing cycle varies?

A

true

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13
Q

factors that affect breathing cycle

A
  1. size
  2. age
  3. sex
  4. physical condtion
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14
Q

true or false: volumes 80% or less than healthy range indicate pulmonary disease

A

true

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15
Q

spirometers

A

used to determine respiratory volume

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16
Q

spirogram

A

graphic record of air volume being exchanged

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17
Q

Tidal Volume (VT)

A

volume of air exchanged (inhaled or exhaled) during a resting breathing cycle.

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18
Q

Normal tidal volume

A

500 mL

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19
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

max. volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after tidal inspiration

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20
Q

normal inspiration reserve volume

A

3,000 mL

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21
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

Max. volume of air forcefully exhaled after tidal expiration

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22
Q

normal expiration reserve volume

A

1,100 mL

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23
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

volume of air in lungs after expelling ERV

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24
Q

normal residual volume

A

1,200 mL

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25
Q

True or False: residual volume exists because of intrapleural pressure and surfactant

A

true

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26
Q

True or false: respiration capacities can be calculated by the summation of 2 or more respiratory volumes.

A

true

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27
Q

Vital capacity (VT + IRV + ERV)

A

max. amount of air that can be exchanged

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28
Q

normal vital capacity (VC)

A

4,600 mL

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29
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

VC+ RV

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30
Q

normal value for total lung capacity

A

5,800 mL

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31
Q

Centers for involuntary control of breathing are located

A

medulla oblongata and pons

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32
Q

Who controls voluntary override of breathing?

A

primary motor area of cerebral cortex

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33
Q

Respiratory Rhythmicity Center

A

2 bilateral groups of neurons in the medulla oblongata

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34
Q

Groups of Respiratory Rhythmicity Center

A
  1. Ventral Respiratory Group
  2. Dorsal Respiratory Group
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35
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group

A

responsible for normal rhythmic cycle of breathing (inspiration and expiration) ;

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36
Q

The neurons in Ventral Respiratory Group send action potentials to _____ and _____ .

A

diaphragm and external intercostalsl; causing them to contract

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37
Q

How long does inspiration last?

A

2 seconds

38
Q

How long does expiration last?

A

3 seconds; muscles relax

39
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Group

A

center for receiving and integrating input from sensory sources;

40
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Group include:

A
  1. baroreceptors
  2. Central chemoreceptors
  3. Irritant receptors
  4. thermoreceptors
41
Q

Dorsal Respiratory Group sends action potentials to ________.

A

Ventral Respiratory Group; to alter breathing as the needs of the body change (accordance to sensory input).
deeper or shallower, faster or slower

42
Q

Pontine Respiratory Group (PRG)

A

located in pons; receives input from higher brain centers.

43
Q

Function of PRG

A

sends action potentials to DRG and VRG to modify breathing pattern. Has neurons that stimulate or inhibit DRG and VRG.

44
Q

True or false: PRG alters the rate and depth of breathing

A

true; can either speed up or slow down transition from inspiration to expiration

45
Q

Examples of PRG

A

adapts breathing to speaking, singing, exercise, sleep and emotional responses (crying gasping)

46
Q

Chemical factors in blood and cerebrospinal fluid that affect respiration are:

A
  1. CO2
  2. H+
  3. O2
47
Q

H+

A

by product of CO2 transport; increase CO2 concentration will increase H+ .

48
Q

_________ in the medulla oblongata detect changes in H+ and CO2 in CSF.

A

central chemoreceptors ( sensory receptors)

49
Q

True or false: central chemoreceptors are sensitive to increase in H+ and CO2.

A

true

50
Q

______ in carotid and aortic bodies detect changes in H+, CO2 and O2 in blood.

A

peripheral chemoreceptors; strategically located to monitor blood going to the brain

51
Q

What happens if CO2 and H+ increase in blood or CSF?

A

DRG stimulates the VRG to increase rate and depth of breathing; causes loss of CO2 and H+, which lowers levels of homeostasis.

52
Q

What happens if CO2 and H+ decrease in blood or CSF?

A

breathing will be shallow, provides time for concentrations to increase back to homeostasis.

53
Q

True or false: peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are sensitive to decline in blood O2 concentration.

A

true

54
Q

true or false: O2 levels have little effect on rate and depth of breathing unless they are very low

A

true

55
Q

where are baroreceptors found?

A
  1. bronchi
  2. bronchioles
  3. visceral pleurae
56
Q

True or false: baroreceptors are sensitive to lung inflation

A

true

57
Q

Activation of baroreceptors (inflation reflex)

A
  1. Inspiration activates baroreceptors
  2. Baroreceptors send action potentials via vagus nerve to DRG
  3. Action potential causing inspiration are inhibited; promotes expiration and prevents excessively deep inspirations that may damage the lungs.
58
Q

Irritant receptors

A

irritant receptors are sensitive to chemical and physical irritants in respiratory tract
smoke, dust, excessive amount of mucus

59
Q

Activation of Irritant receptors (irritant reflex)

A
  1. when stimulated by irritants, receptors send action potential to the DRG.
  2. DRG alter VRG function which triggers a reflex contraction of the respiratory muscles to trigger a sneeze or cough to expel the irritants from the respiratory tract.
60
Q

Higher Brain Centers

A

action potentials voluntarily generated by cerebral cortex;

61
Q

When do voluntarily action potentials occur?

A

when a person chooses to alter the pattern of resin breathing.

62
Q

true or false: voluntary control is limited

A

true

63
Q

Involuntary action potentials from cerebral cortex and hypothalamus

A

created during emotional experienced that activated the autonomic division

64
Q

Examples of involuntary actions

A

fear, anxiety, excitement can increase breathing rate

65
Q

True or false: sudden emotional experience, like a sharp pain or sudden cold stimulus can cause apnea (momentarily stop breathing)

A

true

66
Q

True or false: increase body temp, increase breathing rate

A

true; exercise or fever

67
Q

alveolar gas exchange

A

gas exchange between air in pulmonary alveoli and blood in capillaries that surround them.

68
Q

process of alveolar gas exchange:

A
  1. alveolar air has higher concentration of O2 and lower concentration of CO2 than blood in capillaries
69
Q

diffusion across respiratory membrane

A

O2 moves from air into blood
CO2 moves from blood into air

70
Q

Blood entering the alveolar capillaries is O2 ______ and CO2 _____.

A

poor and rich

71
Q

Blood leaving the alveolar capillaries is O2 ______ and CO2 _____.

A

rich and poor

72
Q

Systematic Gas Exchange ( gas exchange between blood in capillaries and tissue cells)

A

After blood has been oxygenated it returns to the heart and is pumped throughout the body to supply the tissue cells through systematic gas exchange.

73
Q

True or false: systematic gas exchange involves diffusion across capillary wall

A

true

74
Q

Process of systematic gas exchange :

A
  1. blood entering tissues is O2 rich and CO2 poor
  2. Tissue cells have lower concentration of O2 and higher concentration of CO2 than blood in capillaries.
    * o2 moves from blood into interstitial fluid and then into tissue cells.
    * CO2 moves from tissue cells into interstitial fluid and then into blood.
75
Q

Percent of O2 that enters alveolar capillaries through RBC (alveolar gas exchange)

A

98.5%

76
Q

Where does the O2 bind in the RBC? (alveolar gas exchange)

A

bind to the heme of hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin (1.5% dissolved in plasma)

77
Q

Percent of O2 that enters resting (systematic gas exchange)

A

25% O2 is released so it can diffuse out of the capillary; forms deoxyhemoglobin

78
Q

true or false: the bond between O2 and hemoglobin is unstable

A

true; reason why hemoglobin is an effective carrier of oxygen .

79
Q

If surrounding O2 level is high, hemoglobin _________ binds to O2.

A

readily, willingly

80
Q

If surrounding O2 level is low , hemoglobin _________ release O2.

A

readily, willingly

81
Q

Modes of transportation of CO2 when it diffuses to capillary blood:

A

7% dissolve in plasma
23% enters RBC to combine with globin of hemoglobin to form carbinohemoglobin
70% enter RBC and combine with water to form carbonic acid

82
Q

true or false hemoglobin can transport CO2 and O2 at the same time

A

true; have different biding sites

83
Q

CO2 + H2O = carbonic acid

A

reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase
carbonic acid rapid dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate ions

84
Q

What happens whit bicarbonate ions?

A

diffuse out of RBCS into plasma for transport to lungs

85
Q

true or false: all these reactions run in reverse in the lungs to release CO2 for diffusion into pulmonary alveoli.

A

true

86
Q

respiratory disorders are grouped :

A
  1. inflammatory disorders
  2. Non- inflammatory disorders
87
Q

Chonic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (inflammatory)

A

long term obstruction that reduces airflow to and from lung.
Include chronic bronchitis and Emphysema

88
Q

Bronchitis (inflammatory)

A

inflammation of bronchi accompanied by excessive mucus production partially obstructing airflow.

89
Q

Acute bronchitis:

A

viral or bacterial infection

90
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

chronic asthmatics and smokers (due to persistent exposure to irritants)

91
Q

Emphysema (inflammatory)

A

due to long term expose to airborne irritants (tobacco)
large spaces form when pulmonary alveoli ruptured and air becomes trapped in pulmonary alveoli due to excess mucus production in bronchioles.

Biología Humana II (10 decks)

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