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Biología Humana II > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Gonads

A

ovaries and testes

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2
Q

Gonads produce?

A

gametes (sex cells)

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3
Q

Sexual maturation, formation of sex cells and pregnancy are controlled by?

A

hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and gonads

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4
Q

Primary Functions of Male Reproductive System:

A
  1. Production of male sex hormones
  2. formation of sperm (male gamete)
  3. placement of sperm in the female reproductive tract where one sperm can unite with a secondary oocyte (female gamete)
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5
Q

Organs of male reproductive System:

A
  1. paired testes
  2. accessory ducts
  3. external genitalia
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6
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads or sex glands

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7
Q

What divides testes into lobules?

A

septa and each lobule contains several seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

What lines the seminiferous tubules?

A

spermatogenetic epithelium and supporting cells

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9
Q

Function of spermatogenic cells

A

divide to produce sperm

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10
Q

Supporting teste cells:

A

support and nourish spermatogenic cells
regulate sperm production

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11
Q

Interstitial cells

A

fills spaces between seminiferous tubules
produce testosterone male sex hormone

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12
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

process that produces sperm by the division of spermatogenic cells

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13
Q

True or false: Spermatogenesis begins at puberty and continues for a lifetime

A

true

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14
Q

Spermatogenesis is controlled by:

A
  1. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  2. luteinizing hormone (LH)
  3. testosterone
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15
Q

Spermatogonium (STEP 1)

A

Large cell near basement membrane of spermatogenic epithelium.
Contain 46 chromosomes (2 chromatids per chromosome)
Divides by mitosis to form 2 daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each.
Formed in the walls of the seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

Type A spermatogonium

A

remains a spermatogonium; will divide repeatedly by mitosis.
Formed in the walls of the seminiferous tubules

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17
Q

Type B spermatogonium

A

is pushed inward and becomes a primary spermatocyte.
46 chromosomes (2 chromatids per chromosome)
Formed in the walls of the seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

Primary Spermatocyte (STEP II)

A

contains 46 chromosomes (2 chromatids per chromosomes)
undergo meiosis (2 cell divisions) that reduce number of chromosomes in the daughter cell in half
Formed in the walls of the seminiferous tubules

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19
Q

Steps of Spermatogenesis (CHROMOSOME EVENTS)

A

Prior to meiosis I, chromosomes replicate
Each is composed of two chromatids joined at a centromere.

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20
Q

What happens during metaphase of meiosis I?

A

chromosomes align as homologous pairs.

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21
Q

What happens during cytokinesis of meiosis I?

A

members of each pair separate into deferent secondary spermatocytes
Each secondary spermatocyte receives only 23 replicated chromosomes.

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22
Q

Spermatid

A

Contains 23 chromosomes
4 are formed
loses their cytoplasm and forms a flagellum
forms sperm containing 23 chromosomes.

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23
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

chromatids separate into different daughter cells.

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24
Q

Genetic diversity of sperm

A
  1. Random alignment of paire homologous chromosomes, during meiosis I (daughter cells contain different combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes
  2. Crossover during Meiosis 1:Exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.
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25
Q

true or false: some chromosomes contain genes from both parents.

A

true

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26
Q

Head of Sperm

A

contain 23 chromosomes

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27
Q

Acrosome

A

covers the nucleus, contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate a secondary oocyte

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28
Q

Neck of sperm

A

connects the head to the flagellum

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29
Q

flagellum of sperm

A

enables movement
middle piece, principal piece and end piece

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30
Q

True or false: Middle piece of flagellum contains the mitochondria?

A

true

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31
Q

Accessory Ducts (male reproductive tract)

A
  1. epididymis
  2. ductus deferens (vas deferens)
    3.ejaculatory duct
  3. urethra
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32
Q

Epidimys

A

Comma shaped, along the top and back of the testis.
Receives sperm from seminiferous tubules.
Site of sperm maturation and storage.
Mature as they slowly move 10 -14 days. Stored here until they are ejaculated.

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33
Q

True or false: Sperm mature in around 10 to 14 days

A

true

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34
Q

true or false: sperm stored for mor than 2 months are destroyed and absorbed

A

true

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35
Q

Ductus deferens

A

Extends from epididymis upward, merges with duct from the seminal vesicle.
uses peristalsis to move sperm

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36
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

enters the prostate and merges with urethra
During ejaculation, contracts to mix seminal vesicle secretions with sperm and push them into urethra.

37
Q

Urethra

A

Extends from the urinary bladder through the penis to the external environment.

38
Q

Roles of the urethra

A
  1. transport urine
  2. carries semen during ejaculation
39
Q

true or false: urethra can transport urine and carry semen at the same time

A

false

40
Q

Accessory glands (exocrine glands)

A
  1. Seminal Vesicles
  2. Prostate Gland
  3. Bulbo- Urethral gland
41
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

paired glands on the back of the urinary bladder
Duct merges with the ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct.

42
Q

True or false: seminal vesicle secretion is alkaline

A

true; to help regulate pH of semen
contains fructose and prostaglandins

43
Q

What percent do secretions of seminal vesicle make of semen?

A

60%

44
Q

Prostate

A

Pear-shaped gland encircling the urethra where it exits urinary bladder.
Ejaculatory duct passes through rear half of prostate to join with urethra.

45
Q

true or false: prostate secrete alkaline/milky fluid into urethra

A

true; keep sperm pH slightly alkaline (milky)
has chemicals that activate swimming movements of sperm

46
Q

What percent do secretions of prostate make of semen?

A

30%

47
Q

Bulbo urethral glands

A

Two small, spherical glands below the prostate gland near the base penis.

48
Q

true or false: prostate secrete alkaline/mucus like fluid into urethra in response to sexual simulation

A

true; neutralizes acidity of urethra and lubricates the end of the penis

49
Q

Semen

A

Fluid that passes from urethra during ejaculation.
All three glands contribute secretions, in addition to sperm and fluid from testes.
50- 150 million sperm/ml.

50
Q

Composition of Semen:

A

slightly alkaline pH 7.5
neutralize acidity in male’s urethra and female’s vagina (protects sperm)
Contains fructose from seminal vesicles.
Swimming movements are activated by prostatic fluid.
Prostaglandins from seminal vesicles:

51
Q

reverse peristalsis in the uterus and uterine tubes, which accelerates the movement of sperm in the female reproductive tract stimulated by

A

prostaglandins from seminal vesicles

52
Q

Swimming movements are activated by

A

prostatic fluid

53
Q

during what month of fetal development do testes migrate to scrotum

A

7th

53
Q

Male External Genitalia

A

scrotum and penis

54
Q

Scrotum

A

Sac of skin and subcutaneous tissue that holds testes

55
Q

who controls the descent of the testes?

A

testosterone

56
Q

Function of scrotum muscles

A

Both are used to elevate and depress the testes.
Adjust temperature of the testes.
Elevated closer to the body in cold temperatures and depressed in warm temperatures.

56
Q

Muscles of Scrotum

A
  1. Dartos Muscle (smooth)
  2. Cremaster (two thin ribbonlike skeletal)
57
Q

Penis

A

composed of spongy erectile tissue; Enables penis to become enlarged and rigid during sexual stimulation.

58
Q

how many columns of erectile tissue compose the body of the penis.

A

3

58
Q

Corpora cavernosa

A

two columns located on the top of an erect penis.

58
Q

Prepuce

A

loose sheet of skin that covers the glans

59
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

located on the bottom of an erect penis. Expands at the tip to form the glans penis

59
Q

glans penis

A

contains numerous sensory receptors and the external urethral orifice

60
Q

In absence of sexual stimulation

A

Vascular sinusoids in erectile tissue contain small amount of blood; Penis is flaccid

61
Q

True or false: Sexual stimulation initiates
parasympathetic action potentials

A

true; Cause dilation of arterioles and constriction of venules supplying the erectile tissue ; Erectile tissues become engorged with blood→ produces the erection

62
Q

true or false : Sexual stimulation stimulate secretion from bulbo-urethral glands.

A

true

63
Q

true or false Sympathetic action potentials stimulate peristaltic contractions of most accessory ducts and glands.

A

true; force semen into urethra

64
Q

After ejaculation __________ cause constriction of the arterioles and dilation of the venues, allowing the accumulated blood to leave the penis

A

Sympathetic action potentials

65
Q

true or false: Another orgasm is not possible for a period of time after ejaculation occurs.

A

true

66
Q

Testosterone secretion at puberty

A

Promotes maturation of male reproductive organs
Stimulates continuation of spermatogenesis
Promotes development of male secondary sex characteristics

66
Q

Testosterone secretion fetal development

A

produced by adrenal glands, promote formation of male sex organs

67
Q

androgens

A

male sex hormones

68
Q

true or false: is testosterone Most important androgen in males

A

true; produced by the testes

69
Q

secondary sex characteristics at puberty

A

Growth of body hair (axillary, face, and pubic regions)
Increased muscular development.
Development of heavy bones, broad shoulders, and narrow pelvis.
Deepening of the voice due to the enlargement of the larynx and thickening if the vocal folds.
Increase in rate of cellular metabolism.
Increase rate of red blood cell production.

70
Q

at what age does testosterone production start to decline

A

40 years, decline in the function or reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics.

71
Q

Sexual development begins at and lasts until

A

11 -12 and lasts until 15- 17

72
Q

at puberty the hypothalamus secrete ____________ hormone.

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH

73
Q

GnRH stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to release two hormones

A
  1. Luteinizing hormone(LH)
  2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
74
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  1. Promotes growth of interstitial cells of the testes
  2. Stimulates production of testosterone by interstitial cells
75
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Acts on supporting cells and works with testosterone in the seminiferous tubules to stimulate spermatogenesis.

76
Q

true or false: Male Sex Hormone Secretion Controlled by negative-feedback mechanism.

A

true

77
Q

what happens when testosterone levels increase?

A

GnRH production is inhibited. Loss of GnRH, decrease LH and FSH production.

78
Q

What happens with decrease in LH

A

decreases testosterone secretion by the interstitial cells.

79
Q

what happens with decrease in FSH

A

decreases sperm production.

80
Q

What happens when testosterone level decrease?

A

GnRH is secreted; causes LH and FSH to be secreted. LH increases testosterone production. FSH increases sperm production.

81
Q

When is inhibit secreted and by who?

A

secreted by supporting cells. Secretion increases when sperm count is high.

82
Q

What does inhibit do?

A

Decreases FSH secretion, which decreases sperm production.

83
Q

Inhibit secretion decreases when ______

A

sperm count is low. FSH secretion increases, which increase
sperm production.

Biología Humana II (10 decks)

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