Lymphoid System Part II Flashcards
Primary Immune Response
occurs with the first encounter of a pathogen or non- self antigen. Produce memory cells that recognize the same antigen if it reenters.
Primary Immune Response stimulates _____ and ____ cells.
T and B cells; they become activated and proliferate and make clones to destroy antigens.
Secondary Immune Response
occurs with another invasion of the same antigen. Memory B and T cells launch a more rapid and intense response.
True or false: There is more than one way for a person to develop immunity to a pathogen
true
Active Immunity
acquired through the use of a person’s immune response; memory is developed
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
person exposed to pathogen; gets sick and recovers –> leaves memory T and B cells to fight later infections via a secondary immune response if it reenters the body
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
vaccine of dead, weakened or inactivated pathogens or antigenic parts. Triggers primary immune response that forms memory T and B cells and antibodies to fight the pathogen if it reenters the body.
True or false: booster shots cause a secondary response to boost antibody levels
true
Passive Immunity
acquired without the activation of a person’s immune response
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity:
infants receive maternal antibodies (igG) through placenta and igA via breast milk.
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity:
injections of antibodies produced by another person, animal or synthetically (antiserum)
True or false: antiserum used for emergencies when pathogens act too quickly
true
Organ transplant
viable treatment for person with terminal disease of heart, kidneys and liver
Major challenges in organ rejection
lymphoid system recognizes the new organ as non-self and attacks it.
Options to limit chance of rejection:
- determine compatibility of donor and recipient tissue
- Administer immunosuppressive therapy
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAS) GROUP A
determine compatibility of donor and recipient tissue; closer to 100% the better to accept donated organ
immunosuppressive therapy
lymphoid system suppressed sufficiently to prevent rejection, but not enough to eliminate immunity against pathogens.
increases cancer risk
Cyclosporine
selective immunosuppressive drug that inhibits T cell activity with minimal B cell effect; B cells are still able to provide antibody mediated immunity against pathogens.
True or False: T cells are primarily responsible for organ donor rejection
true
True or false: bacterial and viral infections are primary cause of death among transplant recipients.
true
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (infectious disorder)
caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
attacks and kills Th cells
invades macrophages, which serve as a reservoir for the virus
leads to development of secondary diseases that lead to death
no cure; drugs that slow disease progression; virus resistan cells (risky)
true or false: with AIDS immune defense decreases
true
Kaposi Sarcoma
AIDS, HIV, complication
transmission of AIDS/ HIV occurs via:
sexual intercourse (vaginal fluid and semen)
exchanges of blood (needles, exposed wounds, mucous membranes)
childbirth (infected mothers may transmit HIV during birth)
True or false: transmission of AIDS and HIV can occur via saliva and tears
false
Elephantiasis
Tropical disease; spread by mosquitos
Greatly swollen lower limbs or other body parts (edematous)
What provokes Elephantiasis?
- Lymphatic vessels blocked by round worms
- Fluid accumulates in tissues drained by plugged lymphatic vessel
Lymphadenitis (infectious disorder)
Inflammation of the lymph node (swollen glands) due to bacterial infection
Bubo
Severe swollen lymph node
Allergy or Hypersensitivity (non- infectious disorder)
Abnormally intense response to an antigen harmless to most people.
Allergen
Can be triggered by a combination of environmental factors, rather than identifiable Difficulty to treat; drugs don’t work
Sensitization to an allergen (non infectious disorder)
Result in reaction whenever exposure occurs; can be unmediated or delayed
When does sensitization to an allergen occur?
When allergens bind with IgE antibodies in mast cell surface. These mast cells release histamine, stimulate inflammatory response
Localized reaction
Unpleasant but not deadly
Examples of localized reaction
Hay fever, hives, allergy based asthma, digestive disorders
Systematic reaction (anaphylaxis)
Life threatening; impair breathing and cause circulatory failure due to drop in pressure as blood vessels dilate and fluid moves into tissue
True or false in anaphylaxis blood pressure drops
True it provokes blood vessel dilation and blood movement to tissue
Delayed reaction
Appear 1 to 3 days later after antigen exposure; this is due to cytokines from T cells
Examples of systematic reaction
Bee sting and penicillin
Example of delayed reaction
Poison ivy
Autoimmune diseases
Y and B cells recognize body tissues as non self; produce immune response (change in body molecules)
Examples of autoimmune disease
Rheumatoid arthritis and type I diabetes
Which type of cell does diabetes Type I destroy?
Beta cells in pancreas
Lymphoma
Tumor in lymphoid tissue
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Malignant lymphoma (cancer of lymphoid tissue involving the production of B cells)
Includes enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue and night sweats
Treatment chemo and radiation; early
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
Group of disorders resulting from several genetic defects; deficit or absence of both T and B cells; lymphoid system is non functional
.
True or false :Infants have little protection against pathogens and usually die in 1 year
True
Possible treatments for SCID
Stem cell transplant from the red bone marrow or umbilical cord blood and gene therapy
