Reproductive System II Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
Female Reproductive System:
A
- Produces secondary oocytes
- Transports secondary oocytes to site where they can unite with sperm.
- Provides a suitable environment for development of the embryo and fetus.
- Actively involved in birthing process.
2
Q
Structures of female reproductive system
A
- Paired ovaries –> produce female sex hormone.
- Paired uterine tubes –> which transports secondary oocytes.
- Uterus –> where development of the embryo and fetus occurs.
- Vagina –> serves as the female copulatory organ and birth canal.
- External Genitalia
3
Q
Female Reproductive Tract contains:
A
1.uterine tubes
2. uterus
3. vagina
4
Q
Ovaries
A
Located near the upper side walls of pelvic cavity
Outer surface is covered by the ovarian mesothelium
Under the mesothelium are ovarian follicles
The inner region has areolar connective tissue with nerves and blood vessels.
5
Q
ovarian follicle consists of:
A
of an oocyte enveloped by supporting cells.
6
Q
oogenesis
A
Process of producing oocytes
7
Q
true or false: oogenesis is closely related to ovarian cycle
A
true
8
Q
By what month of fetal development, do ovaries contain several million oogonia the stem cells of the ovaries (46 chromosomes)
A
5th month
9
Q
oogonia
A
the stem cells of the ovaries (46 chromosomes)
10
Q
true or false: Most of the oogonia mature into primary oocytes (46 chromosomes) prior to birth.
A
true
11
Q
primordial ovarian follicle
A
primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular epithelial cells
12
Q
true or false: females are born with their total number of primary oocytes
A
true, 2 mill.
13
Q
true or false: Oogenesis exists at birth
A
false; No, oogenesis, the process of female gamete (egg cell) development, does not occur at birth. In fact, the process starts during fetal development in the ovaries of the female fetus. By the time a female baby is born, she already has all the primary oocytes (immature egg cells) that she will ever have. During puberty, a series of hormonal changes trigger the activation of some of the primary oocytes in a woman’s ovaries. This activation leads to the start of ovulation, where mature eggs are released from the ovaries in a cyclical manner, typically about once a month.
14
Q
when does oogonia begin?
A
at puberty, a few primordial follicles are activated monthly and require nearly a year to mature.
15
Q
How many primary oocytes complete meiosis I each month?
A
1
16
Q
What happens prior to meiosis I with the primary oocyte?
A
chromosomes in primary oocyte replicate.
17
Q
What happens during metaphase of meiosis I?
A
homologous pairs line up. Random alignment and crossover occurs.
18
Q
What happens at the end of meiosis I?
A
primary oocyte divides into two distinct cells each with 23 chromosomes. polar body and secondary oocyte
19
Q
True or false: polar body has an important function in the body?
A
false; no function; the secondary oocyte has nearly all the cytoplasm
20
Q
When is the secondary oocyte released each month?
A
during a female’s reproductive life from the ovary at ovulation.
21
Q
when will meiosis II only occur?
A
if secondary oocyte is penetrated by a sperm
22
Q
how many cells does meiosiss II produce? are they different
A
yields 2 distinct cells, each with 23 chromosomes; polar body and ovum (all cytoplasm)
23
Q
zygote
A
the first cell of the
preembryo. Fusion of ovum nucleus and
sperm nucleus
24
Q
Uterine tubes
A
Each extends from laterally from upper side of the uterus to an ovary; receive and transport secondary oocyte; site of fertilization; Transport preembryo if fertilization occurs
25
infundibulum
partially envelops the
ovary; Possesses fimbriae
26
type of epithelium that lines the uterine tubes
simple ciliated
columnar epithelium and secretory cells
27
true or false: Beating cilia create a current to draw the secondary oocyte into the infundibulum
true
28
move oocyte toward uterus (movement)
cilia and peristalsis
29
Uterus
Behind the urinary bladder in pelvic cavity; above the vagina and bent forward over the urinary bladder
30
Uterus appropriate environment for?
developing embryo and fetus
31
3 regions of uterus:
1. fundus
2. body
3. cervix
32
at what ages does cervical cancer usually occur?
30 - 50
32
Risks factors that increase cervical cancer
women who smoke
who began sexual activity at an early age who have histories of frequent sexually transmitted diseases
cervical inflammation
33
Pap smear
procedure in which loose cells are removed from the cervix and vagina then microscopically examined; look for cells with signs of dysplasia or carcinoma
33
cervical cancer caused by _______
human papilloma virus (HPV)
34
Pap smear recommendations for women between the ages of 21 to 65
one every 3 years
35
Wall of uterus composed of 3 layers
1. Endometrium (Inner mucosal layer)
2. Myometrium (Middle muscular layer-thicker layer of smooth muscle that forms most of the wall thickness.)
3. Perimetrium (Outer serous layer)
36
Vagina
Collapsible tube extending from uterus to the external environment; Behind the urethra and in front of the rectum
37
function of vagina
1. copulatory organ
2. birth canal
38
females external genitalia (vulva)
Surrounds the orifices of the urethra and vagina
39
Perineum
Area between the mons pubis and the anus
40
Obstetrical perineum
between vaginal orifice and anus.
41
true or false: Obstetrical perineum is torn during childbirth
true
42
Labia Majora
Paired, longitudinal folds of hair-covered skin covering adipose and smooth muscle;
43
from what type of tissue is the labia major formed?
same as embryonic tissue as scrotum
44
Labia Minora
Paired, thinner longitudinal folds
45
Vestibule
Narrow space between the labia minora; Urethra opens into the front portion, while vagina opens behind it.
46
Bulbs of the Vestibule
Composed of corpus
spongiosum; Beneath the labia minora surrounding the beginning of the vagina.
47
what happens to the bulbs of the vestibule during a female sexual response?
Engorged with blood
48
vestibular glands
Lie behind the bulbs on each side of vaginal orifice and Release secretions into vestibule.
49
Clitoris
Formed of two columns of corpora cavernosa near the pubis
50
Glans of the clitoris
Union of the two columns of the
clitoris.
Located behind the mons pubis where the labia minora meet.
Abundant sensory receptors
51
In absence of sexual stimulation
Erectile tissues of bulb of the vestibule and clitoris have a small amount of blood
52
In the presence of sexual stimulation Parasympathetic action potentials
1. Cause dilation of the arterioles and constriction of the venules supplying the erectile tissues to become engorged with blood and produce erection
2. Cause enlargement of vaginal mucosa and breast and erection of nipples due to increase in blood flow in these areas.
Stimulate vestibular gland secretion to lubricate the vestibule
53
In the presence of sexual stimulation Sympathetic action potentials and prostaglandins in semen
trigger reverse peristalsis (cause the muscles to contract rhythmically) in pelvic floor muscles uterine wall, and uterine tubes. Aids in moving sperm through the uterus to the upper uterine tubes.
54
estrogens
Group of female sex hormones produced primarily by the ovaries
55
Estrogen is primarily produced by
ovarian follicles exposed to FSH and stimulate maturation of female reproductiveorgans
56
female secondary sex characteristics
Development of mammary glands and breasts.
Broad pelvis.
Increased subcutaneous tissue deposition
Increased blood supply to skin
Development of axillary and pubic hair (due to androgens)
57
progesterone
Produced by the corpus luteum (also releases estrogen) after ovulation under stimulation by LH; Major role is development and maintenance of endometrium in pregnancy; Also inhibits uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix during pregnancy
58
true or false: There are two cycles that are hormonally controlled and occur simultaneously starting at puberty
true: ovarian and menstrual
59
Ovarian cycle
Monthly formation and release of a secondary oocyte and the ovarian
events that occur in anticipation of pregnancy
60
Menstrual cycle
Repetitive changes in the endometrium that causes monthly menstruation if pregnancy does not occur.
61
length of females reproductive cycles
range from 24 to 35 days. 28 days is about average.
62
true or false: Cycles continue from puberty until menopause
true; (approx. 11 years of age); (between ages of 45 to 55).
63
when does reproductive cycle stop?
pregnancy and nursing.
64
When is the first menstruation
approx. age 13
65
when does the ovarian cycle begin?
when the hypothalamus secretes GnRH; release FSH and LH.
66
Follicular Phase
FSH promotes development of approx. 20 primordial ovarian follicles into primary ovarian follicles; where some primary develop into secondary ovarian follicle.
67
secondary ovarian follicle
transition into tertiary ovarian follicles with small fluid-filled spaces; each with a primary oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells.
68
Granulosa Cells
secrete estrogens and pass nutrients to developing oocyte.
69
Dominant tertiary ovarian follicle secretes _______.
low levels of estrogens and inhibin into the blood; Initiates a negative-feedback mechanism on GnRH and FSH.
70
Inhibition of FSH during ovarian cycle
prevents development of additional ovarian follicles.
71
due to increased FSH sensitivity granulosa cells -----
increase estrogen production ; beginning at dy 7 and peaking at day 12.
72
High blood levels of estrogen stimulate _____
GnRH production in a positive-feedback mechanism. Leading to the production of LH
73
rapid increase in blood LH due to the positive feedback mechanism in the ovarian cycle
Causes maturation of tertiary ovarian follicle into mature ovarian follicle.
Stimulate the completion of meiosis I to form a secondary oocyte.
Stimulates ovulation of secondary oocyte.
74
When does ovulation of the secondary oocyte take place?
occurs 14 days prior to onset of next menstruation
75
Luteal Phase
begins after ovulation; LH stimulates remaining granulosa cells in ovary to become the corpus luteum
76
corpus luteum secrete _____ for how many days
progesterone for approx 10 days after ovulation
77
true or false: Elevated blood progesterone level Loss of GnRH inhibits the release of LH and FSH
true
78
What happens if fertilization does not occur?
Corpus luteum degenerates into the nonfunctional corpus albicans ; Rapid decline in blood estrogens and progesterone during the last few days of the cycle.
79
if fertilization occurs
Corpus luteum enlarges; increasing amounts of progesterone and estrogens
80
Menstrual Cycle
Refers to monthly changes in the endometrium, unless pregnancy occurs
81
true or false: menstrual cycle occurs in response to changes in estrogen and progesterone
true
82
4 phase pf menstrual cycle:
1. Menstruation
2. Proliferative Phase
3. Secretory Phase
4. Premenstrual Phase
83
Menstruation
Begins first day; lasts 3 to 5 days
84
Proliferative phase
Characterized by a buildup of the endometrium; Stimulated by estrogens produced by the developing ovarian follicles
85
Proliferative phase begins _____ and ends ____
end of menstruation phase and ends at ovulation
86
Secretory Phase
Begins at ovulation and last approx. 10 days
87
Who controls the secretory phase?
Controlled by hormones from the corpus luteum; estrogen (continue to stimulate endometrial thickening) and progesterone (timulates the formation of blood vessels and glands in the endometrium; preparing endometrium for pre-embryo.
88
What happens during the pre-menstrual phase?
Breakdown of the endometrium occurs; Due to rapid decrease in blood levels of estrogens and progesterone; leading to menstruation
89
Premenstrual phase
Occurs during the last few days of the cycle if fertilization does not occur
90
What causes menopause?
aging of the ovaries; Fewer primary ovarian follicles exist to respond to FSH and LH. No ovulation. Secretion o festrogens and progesterone is reduced
90
Menopause
cessation of regular menstrual cycles; begins at the age of 45-55 and can lasts up to 10 years.
91
Symptoms of menopause
1. headaches
2. insomnia
3. depression
4. hot flashes
92
true or false: Hormone replacement therapy can treat menopause symptoms
true but increase risk of breast cancer, strokes, and heart disease
93
true or false: Both males and females possess mammary glands
true
93
Mammary gland development is stimulated by _____ and _____ during puberty
estrogen and progesterone
94
true or false: estrogen help the development of breast and mammary gland?
true
95
progesterone aid in ________ so that they can secrete milk
mammary gland maturation
96
prolactin
Third hormone also required for milk production
97
where are mammary glands located?
subcutaneous tissue, on top of the pectoralis major
98
Areola
Pigmented circle of skin near apex
of each breast
99
Nipple
Erectile tissue in center of each areola.
100
How many lobes does each gland contain>
15 to 25 lobes containing lobules
101
What do the lobules contain?
glandular alveoli that produce milk under stimulation by prolactin after the birth of an infant.
102
Lactiferous ducts
carry milk from lobules to lactiferous sinuses; sinuses lead to the nipple and the external environment.
103
Types of birth control:
1. hormonal
2. chemical
3. behavioral contraceptive methods
4. anti-implantation devices
5. sterilization
6. induced abortion
104
Several Types of contraception:
Hormonal Methods
Barriers to Sperm
Spermicides
Behavioral Methods
105
Hormonal Methods
Drugs that possess high synthetic progesterone and low synthetic estrogens to prevent ovulation
106
Side effects of hormonal contraceptive methods:
1. headache
2. irregular menstruation
3. nausea
4. bloating
106
How do hormonal methods work?
Inhibit production of GnRH, which reduces the secretion of FSH and LH production; prevent maturation of ovarian follicles so ovulation does not occur.
107
Do not use hormonal methods if:
Smoking,
blood clots,
stroke,
heart disease,
liver disease
uncontrolled diabetes
108
Oral Contraceptives
first available method of delivery;
One pill is taken daily for 3weeks
Combination pill, which contains both progesterone and estrogens, is most commonly used
108
Birth control patch
Adhesive skin patch containing hormones
New patch is used each week for 3 weeks
109
Vaginal Ring
Soft plastic ring that is placed into the upper part of the vagina
Releases synthetic hormones for 3 weeks
110
When is the vaginal ring removed
After the 4th week
111
true or false: Both hormonal and non-hormonal approaches to stop sperm have been in development
true; Two months to become effective and require continuous treatment to remain fully effective.
112
enzyme called soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC)
Following ejaculation ,sperm begin to vigorously beat their tails. TDI-11861 that binds and inhibits sAC.
113
Norplant
Silicone rods containing progesterone surgically implanted under the skin; Inhibits ovulation
114
Norplant is effective for how many years
5
115
depo- provera
Muscular injection of progesterone given at 3-month intervals; Prevents ovulation; Alters endometrium to inhibit pre-embryo implantation
116
risks factors and side effect of depo-provera
weight gain
history of high blood pressure, asthma, kidney disease, migraine, headaches, breast cancer
117
Condom (barrier)
Prevent sperm from being deposited in the vagina; reduce but do not eliminate the chance of infection by sexually transmitted diseases
118
true or false: there is a female condom
true; thin polyurethane bag wit a flexible ring at each end.
119
Diaphragm (barrier)
Dome-shaped sheet of rubber supported by flexible ring; Placed in the upper vagina over the cervix prior to intercourse. Blocks sperm from entering uterus.
120
Cervical Cap
Thimble-shaped latex rubber cap that fits snugly over the cervix; Not recommended for females with abnormal pap smears of cervical infections
121
Spermicides
Kill sperm by destroying their plasma membranes; creams, jellies, suppositories
122
True or false: cervical cap and diaphragm both use spermicides?
true
123
Rhythm method (behavioral method)
Abstinence from intercourse from 3 days before to 3 days after ovulation, for a total of seven days; based on the fact that the secondary oocyte may be penetrated by a sperm for only about 24 hours.
124
Cons of Rhythm method:
Difficulty is in timing ovulation, because few women have perfectly regular cycles; failure rate high
125
Withdrawal or coitus interruptus
Removal of the penis from the vagina prior to ejaculation; Failures result from pre-ejaculatory emission of semen or failure to withdraw in time before ejaculation
126
Intrauterine device (IUD) (Anti-implantation devices)
Small plastic or copper object placed into the uterus by a doctor; Inflames the endometrium, which prevents implantation of a pre-embryo
127
Side effects of Intrauterine device (IUD)
excessive menstrual bleeding, painful cramps, increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility
128
Vasectomy (sterilization)
cutting and blocking of the vas deferens within the scrotum; sperm are not part of the semen.
129
Tubal ligation
performed through small abdominal incision; uterine tubes are cut and blocked; Blocks transport of secondary oocyte toward uterus
130
true or false: Vasectomies and tubal ligations do affect the production of sex hormones or the sexual response
false
131
abortion
premature expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus.
132
Miscarriage
Spontaneous abortion; Usually result from hormonal disorders or serious abnormalities in the embryo
133
Induced abortion
Used to terminate unwanted pregnancies; Involve dilation of the cervix and removal of the embryo or fetus with suction or surgical means
134
side effects of induced abortion
prolonged bleeding, perforation of the uterus, and emotional trauma
135
mifepristone (abortion pill)
Progesterone antagonist; Endometrium breaks down allowing the embryo or fetus to detach and pass from the uterus; Prostaglandins are used to help cause uterine contractions
136
when is mifepristone still effective
first 5 weekss of pregnancy
137
Prostatitis (male reproductive disorder)
Acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate gland; Usually caused by bacteria associated with urinary tract infections or STDs; tenderness and enlarged prostate
138
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Enlargement of the prostate gland without inflammation, resulting from an increase in the number of glandular cells; restricts urine flow and ability to control micturition
139
percent of males over 60 that have BPH
33% diagnosed via rectal exams
140
common therapy for BPH
transurethral resection
141
Prostate cancer
Most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer death in American males
142
true or false: Males over 40 should have annual exams
true
143
testicular cancer
Most common male cancer between 15 and 35 years; monthly testicular exams recommended over age of 14
144
risks factors for testicular cancer
cryptorchidism,physical damage,environmental pollutants; easily detected and highest cure rate
145
Erectile Dysfunction
nability to attain and maintain an erection; Organic and psychological causes
146
Infertility
Inability to produce and deposit sufficient numbers of viable sperm in the vagina
147
Primary Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation)
Failure to begin menstruation due to Endocrine disorders or abnormal development
148
common cause for infertility in males
Low sperm count is a common cause
149
Secondary amenorrhea
absence of one or more menstrual periods without pregnancy; may result from excessive physical exertion or excessive weight loss
150
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation that prevents normal daily activities
151
Premenstrual syndrome
Severe physical or emotional distress after ovulation and prior to menstruation cause unknown, although is probably related to ovarian hormone production
152
Toxic shock syndrome
Due to toxin from a strain of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria whose growth is enhanced by using highly absorbent tampons; Symptoms include high fever, fatigue, headache, sore throat, vaginal irritation, vomiting, and diarrhea
153
Endometriosis
Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus; Migrates through uterine tubes and into pelvic cavity; Causes premenstrual or menstrual pain. Due to its breakdown during menstruation; can cause infertility from tubal obstruction
153
Infertility
Caused by tubal obstruction, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, or ovarian disease, or lack of maintenance of the endometrium
154
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Infection of the female reproductive organs and or pelvic tissues. Common causes are sexually transmitted diseases.
155
Breast cancer
Most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer death in American females; Strongly related to genetic factors and estrogens
155
When is breast cancer mire common?
after menopause ; mostly breasts exams over age of 20 and mammography screens yearly over age of 40
156
true or false: breast cancer has High fatality rate unless caught early.
true
157
cervical cancer
Slow growing cancer; associated with human papillom virus (HPV)
158
when are Pap smears recommended?
annual over the age of 21
159
HPV vaccination
cervarix and Gardasil
160
Gonorrhea
Caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeael; treated with antibiotics
161
how is Gonorrhea manifested in males?
painful urethritis
162
how is Gonorrhea manifested in females?
infects urethra, reproductive organs, and pelvic cavity; may not experience symptoms until later stages; cause sterility and can cause blindness in newborn
163
Chlamydia
Caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis; antibiotics effective treatment
164
how is Chlamydia manifested in males?
painful urethritis.
165
how is Chlamydia manifested in females?
spread through reproductive tract, causing damage that can lead to sterility. transmitted to a fetus during birth
166
Syphilis
Caused by bacterium, Treponema pallidum
167
first stage of syphilis
Formation of an open sore, a chancre, at site of bacterial
entrance; Lasts approximately 1 to 5 weeks
168
second stage of syphilis
Muscle and joint pain, fever, and skin rash; Lasts 4 to 8 weeks
169
true or false: during the second stage syphilis virus enters a latent period
true
170
third stage of syphilis
Bacteria destroy organs like brain and liver.
171
true or false: Antibiotics are an effective treatment prior to the third stage for syphilis
true
172
Genital herpes
Caused by herpes simplex virus type 2; Painful blisters on reproductive organs, fever, flulike symptoms; Can be transmitted to a fetus during birth
173
treatment for genital herpes
anti-viral drug acyclovir inhibits viral replication; The virus cannot be eliminated from the body.
174
Genital warts
Caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)
175
true or false: No treatment to eliminate the virus
true; Warts can be removed by electrocautery, cryosurgery, or laser surgery and vaccination
