Respiratory System (Exam Two) Flashcards
The cilia are responsible for what?
The movement of different substances in and out of the nasal cavity
Where does gas exchange occur?
Alveolar sacs
The left lung has how many lobes?
2 lobes
The right lung has how many lobes?
3 lobes
A child’s airway is ______ and ______.
Shorter and narrower
Which sinuses are present at birth?
- Ethmoid sinus
- Maxillary sinus
Are periods of apnea normal or abnormal in the newborn?
Normal
Because a child’s metabolic rate is higher, they require what?
Higher oxygen demand
Newborns are obligatory ____ _____.
Nose breathers
How big is a child’s airway?
4mm
How big is an adult’s airway?
20mm
How do a child’s eustachian tubes differ from an adults?
- Shorter
- More horizontal
How do you position a child’s ear when assessing the eustachian tube?
Pull down and back
What is the normal blood pH and normal oxygen pH?
7.35 - 7.45
A low pH is referred to as what?
Acidosis
A high pH is referred to as what?
Alkalosis
What is the normal range for PCO2?
35 - 45 mmHg
What is the normal range for HCO3?
22 - 26 mEq/L
What does PCO2 measure?
Partial pressure of CO2
What does HCO3 measure?
Waste from metabolic processes
In uncompensated respiratory acidosis, what is the pH, PCO2, and HCO3?
pH: Low
PCO2: High
HCO3: Normal
In uncompensated metabolic acidosis, what is the pH, PCO2, and HCO3?
pH: Low
PCO2: Normal
HCO3: Low
In uncompensated respiratory alkalosis, what is the pH, PCO2, and HCO3?
pH: High
PCO2: Low
HCO3: Normal
In uncompensated metabolic alkalosis, what is the pH, PCO2, and HCO3?
pH: High
PCO2: Normal
HCO3: High
Respiratory alkalosis is associated with what?
- Hyperventilation
- Keeping in excess PCO2
Respiratory acidosis is associated with what?
- Hypoventilation
- Giving off excess PCO2
Metabolic acidosis is associated with what?
- DKA
- Kidney disease
Metabolic alkalosis is associated with what?
- Antacid medications
- Loss of gastric contents (i.e. vomiting)
Complete the acid-base balance example:
pH = 7.3
CO2 = 50
HCO3 = 25
Respiratory acidosis
Complete the acid-base balance example:
pH = 7.5
CO2 = 40
HCO3 = 35
Metabolic alkalosis
Complete the acid-base balance example:
pH = 7.47
CO2 = 30
HCO3 = 22
Respiratory alkalosis
Complete the acid-base balance example:
pH = 7.27
CO2 = 38
HCO3 = 20
Metabolic acidosis
If the pH in an ABG returns to normal, what does this indicate?
Compensation
What are the effects of aging on the respiratory system?
- Decreased force of cough
- Air trapping
- Decreased gas exchange
- Increased risk for respiratory infections
What is included in inspection of the respiratory system?
- Symmetry
- Dyspnea
- Accessory muscle use
- Color
- Cough
What are retractions?
Area between the ribs and in the neck will sink in during inhalation
What is Cheyne-Stokes breathing?
Respirations that gradually become faster and deeper, then slower with alternating periods of apnea
What are Kussmaul’s respirations?
Faster and deeper respirations without pauses
What is crepitus?
Rattling or creaking noise of the lungs
What are coarse crackles? Coarse crackles are most commonly found in what disease(s)?
- Fluid in airway
- Bubbling sound
- Pulmonary edema
What are fine crackles? Fine crackles are most commonly found in what disease(s)?
- Alveoli popping
- Velcro sound
- Heart failure or atelectasis
What adventitious breath sound may dissipate with a cough?
Ronchi
What diagnostic test is most common regarding the respiratory system?
Chest x-ray
What is the nursing priority following a bronchoscopy?
Assess for bronchospasms
What is the most important intervention for preventing and treating respiratory diseases?
Smoking cessation
What are therapeutic measures for the respiratory system?
- Deep breathing and coughing
- Huff coughing
- Breathing exercises
- Positioning
Huff coughing is a common therapeutic measure for patients with what disease?
COPD
When is pursed-lip breathing encouraged?
During shortness of breath
When are Venturi masks used?
When a precise oxygen percentage is needed
A child cannot be administered a metered dose inhaler without what?
Spacer
An incentive spirometer is used to prevent what two diseases?
- Atelectasis
- Pneumonia
What is an alternative to chest physiotherapy?
Posey vest
What is a posey vest?
Inflatable vest placed over the patient to vibrate and remove secretions
Drainage systems always need to be what?
- Upright
- Below the chest
How often should the patient and the lungs be assessed in a patient with a tracheotomy?
Every four hours
______ technique is utilized during cleaning of a tracheostomy?
Sterile technique
What is the nursing priority if mechanical ventilation fails?
Bag the patient
What is epistaxis?
Nose bleed
What are the causes of epistaxis?
- Dry mucous membranes
- Trauma
- Hypertension
- Hemophilia
What is the proper positioning for a patient with epistaxis?
-Sitting up and leaning slightly forward
Nasal polyps occur most often with what?
Allergies
Patients with a deviated septum is at an increased risk for what?
Sinus infections
What should be monitored following a nasoseptoplasty?
- Bleeding
- Vital signs
- Dressing
What is the most common misdiagnosed disease in children?
Otitis media
What is the most common reason a child receives antibiotics?
Otitis media
What is one of the most common childhood illnesses?
Otitis media
What can cause reflux into the eustachian tube?
Bottle feeding/propping
What are the signs and symptoms of otitis media?
- Absence of landmarks
- Yellow/green purulent drainage
- Fever
- Anorexia
- Sleep disturbances
What is otitis media with effusion (OME)?
Collection of fluid in middle ear with or without signs and symptoms of infection
What is otitis externa (OE)?
- Inflammation of the external ear canal
- “Swimmer’s ear”
What is the hallmark sign of otitis externa (OE)?
Tenderness
What is the priority education that the nurse should teach parents for a child with otitis media?
Avoid bottle propping
Sinusitis is only diagnosed in a child after they have had persistent drainage for how many days?
10 consecutive days