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Health and Illness Concepts I Nursing: N1210 > Respiratory System (Exam One) > Flashcards

Respiratory System (Exam One) Flashcards

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1
Q

What components make up blood?

A
  • Plasma
  • Red Blood Cells
  • White Blood Cells
  • Platelets
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2
Q

What is the normal blood pH?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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3
Q

What is produced in the red bone marrow?

A
  • Blood cells

- Platelets

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4
Q

What is blood serum?

A

Plasma without the clotting proteins

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5
Q

White blood cells contain what?

A
  • Granulocytes

- Agranulocytes

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6
Q

What is the normal range for white blood cells (WBC)?

A

5,000 - 10,000/mm^3

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7
Q

What is the normal range for red blood cells (RBC)?

A

4.2 - 6.1 x 10^12/L

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8
Q

What is the normal range for hemoglobin (Hgb)?

A

12.0 - 18.0 g/dL

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9
Q

What is the normal range for Hematocrit (Hct)?

A

37% - 52%

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10
Q

What is the normal range for platelets?

A

150,000 - 400,000/mm^3

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11
Q

What is a hematological disorder?

A

Bleeding disorder

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12
Q

List the three rashes associated with a hematological disorder?

A
  • Petechiae
  • Ecchymosis
  • Purpura
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13
Q

Is petechiae always associated with a hematological disorder?

A

No

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14
Q

What are the primary functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Maintains blood volumes

- Protects against pathogens

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15
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue

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16
Q

Give an example of lymph nodules?

A

Tonsils

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17
Q

What is the main site for platelet destruction?

A

Spleen

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18
Q

How does aging affect the lymphatic and hematologic system?

A
  • Less efficient immune response
  • Iron deficiency
  • Slowed erythrocyte production
  • Reduced plasma volume
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19
Q

Older adults are at an increased risk for what?

A
  • Infection
  • Anemia
  • Dehydration
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20
Q

Coffee ground emesis and black stool is indicative of what?

A

Bleeding

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21
Q

List coagulation tests?

A

PT
PTT
INR

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22
Q

What is the normal range for partial thromboplastin time (PTT)?

A

60 - 70 seconds

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23
Q

What is the normal range for prothrombin time (PT)?

A

11 - 12.5 seconds

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24
Q

What is the normal range for International Normalized Ratio (INR)?

A

0.8 - 1.1

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25
Q

The nurse knows the patient should be monitored for what following a bone marrow biopsy?

A
  • Bleeding

- Infection

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26
Q

What is a lymphangiography?

A

Injection of dye into the lymphatic system

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27
Q

It is important for the nurse to educate the patient on what regarding a lymphangiography?

A

It will turn the skin, urine, and feces blue for approximately two days

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28
Q

Why are packed red blood cells usually administered?

A

For anemia or blood loss

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29
Q

When are frozen red blood cells usually administered?

A
  • Autotransfusion

- Prevent febrile reaction

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30
Q

A patient will receive what if they have thrombocytopenia?

A

Platelets

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31
Q

Fresh frozen plasma provides what?

A
  • Clotting factors

- Volume replacement

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32
Q

Why are cryoprecipitates administered to patients?

A

Patient is missing specific clotting factors

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33
Q

What blood type is the universal blood donor?

A

O-

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34
Q

O blood types can only receive what type of blood?

A

O

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35
Q

What blood type is the universal recipient?

A

AB+

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36
Q

List the transfusion safety tips?

A
  • Always follow the hospitals verification process
  • Fluid compatibility
  • Timing
  • Filtering
  • Washing
  • Warming
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37
Q

How many people are needed for verification during a blood transfusion?

A

At least two

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38
Q

A transfusion patient can only receive what type of fluid?

A

Normal saline

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39
Q

Each unit of packed red blood cells must be transfused in what amount of time?

A

2 hours

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40
Q

Blood cannot be transfused longer than ___ _____.

A

4 hours

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41
Q

Why is filtering important during a blood transfusion?

A

Removes potential harmful particles

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42
Q

What is the function of washing during a blood transfusion?

A
  • Removes plasma

- Decreases the risk for febrile reaction

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43
Q

When is warming used in a blood transfusion?

A
  • Used when blood must be given quickly

- Prevents hypothermia

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44
Q

What is the most common transfusion complication?

A

Febrile reaction

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45
Q

The risk of a febrile reaction during a blood transfusion increases with what?

A
  • Prolonged hanging time

- Multiple transfusions

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46
Q

If a febrile reaction occurs, the nurse should do what?

A
  • Stop the infusion
  • Contact PCP
  • Administer tylenol
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47
Q

What is seen in a urticarial reaction?

A

Hives

48
Q

What medications should be ordered before the start of a blood transfusion?

A
  • Tylenol

- Benadryl

49
Q

Which transfusion complication is the most deadly?

A

Hemolytic reaction

50
Q

Why does a hemolytic reaction occur?

A

Due to blood incompatibility

51
Q

The nurse knows she should not do what if the patient is experiencing an anaphylactic reaction?

A

Do not leave the patient

52
Q

What is anemia?

A
  • Deficiency of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both

- Reduced capacity to carry oxygen to tissues

53
Q

What is the most common type of anemia?

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

54
Q

What are the two main signs and symptoms of anemia?

A
  • Pallor

- Tachypnea

55
Q

What is the most common nursing diagnoses for anemia?

A

Activity intolerance

56
Q

Why does iron deficiency anemia occur more often in children who are given cow’s milk?

A

Cow’s milk depletes iron

57
Q

What is the recommended daily intake of cows milk for children?

A

24 ounces or less

58
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

A
  • Brittle, concave nails
  • Porcelain-like skin
  • Pica cravings
59
Q

How will red blood cells appear in iron deficiency anemia?

A
  • Small

- Pale

60
Q

List iron rich foods.

A
  • Green leafy vegetables
  • Breakfast cereal
  • Chicken
  • Liver
61
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

Bone marrow does not produce an adequate amount of red blood cells

62
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A
  • Inherited autosomal recessive disorder

- Decrease in oxygen causes cells to alter into a sickle shape

63
Q

Sickle cell anemia is assessed on what diagnostic test?

A

Newborn screening

64
Q

What is highly significant during a sickle cell crisis?

A
  • Pain

- Fluids

65
Q

Patients with sickle cell anemia should avoid what?

A
  • Tight clothing
  • Alcohol/Smoking
  • Strenuous exercise
  • Cold temperatures
  • Crossing the legs
66
Q

What is the most common therapeutic intervention for polycythemia?

A

Phlebotomy

67
Q

What education should be provided to a patient with polycythemia?

A
  • Drink 3L of water daily
  • Avoid restrictive clothing
  • Elevate feet
68
Q

What is DIC? When is DIC commonly seen?

A
  • Bleeding out
  • Seen during trauma
  • Seen during labor and delivery
69
Q

What is an early sign of DIC?

A
  • Petechiae
  • Easy bruising
  • Blood in urine
  • Black tarry stools
70
Q

What is ITP? What age group does it affect?

A
  • Platelet destruction by immune system

- Commonly seen in young children and older adults

71
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ITP?

A
  • Petechiae
  • Ecchymoses
  • Bleeding
72
Q

What is a therapeutic intervention or treatment for ITP?

A

Splenectomy

73
Q

What are the causes of ITP?

A
  • Acute viral illness
  • Drug reaction
  • Immune system dysfunction
74
Q

What is hemophilia? How is this disease acquired?

A
  • Group of bleeding disorders due to deficiency in clotting factors
  • Hereditary
75
Q

Which clotting factor has the most common deficiency?

A

Clotting factor A

76
Q

If a carrier mother for hemophilia and a father without hemophilia have a child, what is the chance of their female and male offspring having the disease?

A

Female: 50%
Male: 100%

77
Q

If a father with hemophilia and a mother who is not a carrier have a child, what is the chance of their female and male offspring having the disease?

A

Female: 50%
Male: 0%

78
Q

List the signs and symptoms of hemophilia.

A
  • Hemarthrosis
  • Bleeding muscles
  • Bleeding subcutaneous tissue
  • Bleeding brain
79
Q

What are the therapeutic interventions for hemophilia?

A
  • Desmopressin
  • Blood transfusions
  • Pain medication
80
Q

What should the nurse avoid in patients with hemophilia?

A

Injections

81
Q

Children with ____ deficiency absorb ____ more readily.

A
  • Iron

- Lead

82
Q

What is a normal blood lead level?

A

< 3.3

83
Q

What is the nursing priority for a child with lead poisoning?

A

Caregiver education

84
Q

What is leukemia?

A
  • Increase in immature white blood cells

- Unable to fight infection

85
Q

Genetically, this individual is more likely to get leukemia?

A

Downsyndrome

86
Q

What is the most common childhood cancer?

A

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

87
Q

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) affect what age group?

A

Individuals over 60

88
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by which chromosome?

A

Philadelphia

89
Q

Which level of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is fatal?

A

Level three or chronic

90
Q

Leukemia may be associated with what?

A

Mild bleeding disorders

91
Q

What is the main safety technique utilized with leukemia patients?

A

Reverse isolation

92
Q

Hypercalcemia is associated with which disorder?

A

Multiple myeloma

93
Q

What specific lab will be elevated with multiple myeloma?

A

CRP

94
Q

What is Hodgkin’s disease? Which cells are present?

A
  • Cancer of the lymph system

- Reed-Sternberg cells

95
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hodgkin’s disease?

A
  • Painless swollen lymph node
  • Fatigue
  • Night sweats
96
Q

Stridor may be present in what disease? Why?

A
  • Hodgkin’s disease

- Because swollen lymph nodes are occluding the airway

97
Q

How is Hodgkin’s disease diagnosed?

A

Biopsy

98
Q

Is Hodgkin’s or Non-Hodgkin’s disease more common? Which disease is more deadly?

A

Non-Hodgkins

99
Q

What is the most common complication of a splenectomy?

A

Infection

100
Q

Patients with blood disorders are all at risk for what?

A

Bleeding

101
Q

Patients who have this disorder are most at risk for fractures?

A

Multiple myeloma

102
Q

What is the priority nursing concern with leukemia?

A
  • Temperature

- Blood in the stool

103
Q

What disease does not have Reed-Sternberg cells?

A

Non-Hodgkin’s

104
Q

What is a common nursing diagnosis for Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Ineffective coping

105
Q

Describe the stages of Hodgkin’s disease?

A

Stage One: One on one side
Stage Two: Multiple on one side
Stage Three: Bilaterally
Stage Four: All over

106
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  • Transport substances
  • Regulation of temperature
  • Regulation of pH
  • Regulation of fluid balance
  • Transport of protein cells
107
Q

What are the two groups of lymphocytes?

A
  • B cells

- T cells

108
Q

Iron is better absorbed when taken with what vitamin? List dietary sources of this vitamin.

A
  • Vitamin C
  • Orange juice
  • Oranges
109
Q

A patient with pernicious anemia will lack what vitamins?

A
  • B12

- Folic acid

110
Q

What labs are assess for anemia?

A
  • Hemoglobin

- Hematocrit

111
Q

If red blood cells are affected, what will this cause?

A

Poor oxygenation

112
Q

If white blood cells are affected, what will this cause?

A

Inability to fight infection

113
Q

If platelets are affected, what will this cause?

A

Bleeding disorders

114
Q

What can cause a sickle cell crisis?

A

Any event that leads to decreased oxygenation

115
Q

What is a common symptom of sickle cell crisis in the male population?

A

Priapism (prolonged, painful erection)

116
Q

When is anemia routinely assessed in the child?

A

12 months

Health and Illness Concepts I Nursing: N1210 (12 decks)

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