Respiratory System - Exam 4

Question 1

conducting zone includes what structures

Answer 1

nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

Question 2

conducting zone function

Answer 2

bring air into and out of respiratory zone for gas exchange, humidify warm and filter the air before it reaches the critical gas exchange region, “anatomic dead space”, lined with mucus secreting and ciliated cells that function to remove inhaled particles, walls contain smooth muscle

Question 3

sympathetic/circulating conducting zone

Answer 3

dilation

Question 4

parasympathetic conducting zone

Answer 4

constriction

Question 5

changes in conducting zone diameter lead to changes in what else

Answer 5

change in resistance & air flow

Question 6

respiratory zone includes what structures

Answer 6

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, & alveolar sacs

Question 7

respiratory zone function

Answer 7

gas exchange; rimmed with elastic fibers & lined with epithelial cells, include alveolar cells (type I & II pneumocytes) and alveolar macrophages

Question 8

respiratory cycle: inspiration & expiration

Answer 8

1. inspiration- thorax enlarges by the diaphragm & external intercostal muscles, requires greater effort than expiration except in horses
2. expiration- internal intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles can aid too

Question 9

eupnea

Answer 9

normal quiet breathing

Question 10

dyspnea

Answer 10

difficult breathing

Question 11

hyperpnea

Answer 11

increased depth, frequency or both

Question 12

polypnea

Answer 12

rapid, shallow breathing (panting)

Question 13

apnea

Answer 13

cessation of breathing (transient)

Question 14

tachypnea

Answer 14

excessive rapidity of breathing

Question 15

bradypnea

Answer 15

abnormal slowness of breathing

Question 16

normoventilation

Answer 16

normal ventilation paCO2 40mmHg maintained

Question 17

hyperventilation

Answer 17

increased, paCO2 below 40mmHg, respiratory alkalosis

Question 18

hypoventilation

Answer 18

decreased, paCO2 above 40mmHg, respiratory acidosis

Question 19

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 19

exchange of gas in the airways of alveoli with gas from the environment, replenish O2 and remove CO2, negative pressure

Question 20

pleural pressure

Answer 20

intrapleural pressure; doesn’t equilibrate with atmospheric pressure or alveolar pressure because there’s no communication, slightly negative

Question 21

alveolar pressure

Answer 21

intrapulmonary pressure; to cause inward flow of air into the alveoli during inspiration, the pressure in the alveoli must fall to a value slightly negative, increase and decrease with each breath, rest period

Question 22

transpulmonary pressure

Answer 22

recoil pressure, normal conditions it is always positive

Question 23

respiratory pressures expressed relative to

Answer 23

atmospheric pressure

Question 24

when relative pressure are used…..

Answer 24

atmospheric pressure set at 0

Question 25

constant tendency for the lungs to collapse (recoil pressure) is due to...

Answer 25

stretching of elastin & collagen fibers by lung inflation & surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli

Question 26

tension in the wall of the alveolus tends to contract it and...

Answer 26

the pressure inside the alveolus tends to expand it

Question 27

surfactants functions

Answer 27

decrease surface tension and displace water molecules; prevent collapse of the lungs at expiration & increase pulmonary compliance

Question 28

a lack of surfactant = decreased ....

Answer 28

compliance

Question 29

compliance

Answer 29

extent to which the lungs will expand for each unit increased in transpulmonary pressure, must have compliance to have inspiration

Question 30

elasticity

Answer 30

tendency to return to its initial size after being distended, very elastic due to collagen/elastin, must have elasticity to have expiration