Nervous System - Exam 3

Question 1

nervous system 2 categories of cells

Answer 1

neurons “nerve” & neuroglia “glue”

Question 2

characteristics of nerve cells

Answer 2

specialized in informational processing, don’t divide once they reach maturity

Question 3

7 things that make up a neuron

Answer 3

dendrites, cell body/stoma/pericaryon, axon, axon hillock/trigger zone, presynaptic terminal, myelin sheath, node of ranvier

Question 4

dendrites

Answer 4

information receiving area of the cell membrane

Question 5

cell body, stoma, pericaryon

Answer 5

contains organelles

Question 6

axon

Answer 6

information carrying extension of the cell membrane

Question 7

axon hillock/trigger zone

Answer 7

axon origin, originates AP

Question 8

presynaptic terminal

Answer 8

end of axon, transmit information

Question 9

myelin sheath

Answer 9

enhances speed of information transfer

Question 10

node of ranvier

Answer 10

gaps in the insulating myelin sheath

Question 11

neurons communicate via

Answer 11

synapses “connection”

Question 12

neurons characteristics

Answer 12

contact areas with other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands, action potentials travels along the axon, larger axons are myelinated

Question 13

myelin sheath

Answer 13

wrapped around the axon in a spiral fashion, Schwann cells in PNS, oligodendrocytes in the CNS, each myelin generating cell furnishes myelin for only one segment of the axon, electrical insulator, allows saltatory conduction of the impulse (jumps node to node)

Question 14

nodes of ranvier

Answer 14

periodic interruptions in between myelin sheaths

Question 15

depolarization is much more rapid in what fibers

Answer 15

myelinated

Question 16

conduction velocity in myelinated fibers is proportional to the

Answer 16

diameter

Question 17

3 types of neurons

Answer 17

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

Question 18

multipolar neurons

Answer 18

1 axon, many dendrites, motor neurons, most prevelant, from the brain/spinal cord -> muscle/glands

Question 19

bipolar neurons

Answer 19

1 axon, 1 dendrite, interneurons, neurons within the brain/spinal cord

Question 20

unipolar neurons

Answer 20

single stem process, bifurcates to form 2 processes (peripheral, central), sensory neurons, sensory organs -> brain/spinal cord

Question 21

3 functions of neurons

Answer 21

motor/efferent, interneurons/associated neurons, sensory/afferent

Question 22

motor/efferent

Answer 22

send information from brain/spinal cord -> muscle/gland

Question 23

interneurons/associated neurons

Answer 23

brain/spinal cord -> connecting motor & sensory neurons

Question 24

sensory/afferent

Answer 24

send information from receptors towards the brain/spinal cord

Question 25

neuroglia/glial cells

Answer 25

smaller than neurons, don't have axons/dendrites, fill all the spaces in the NS, numerous, capacity to divide, don't produce action potentials, don't participate directly in synaptic interactions & electrical signaling

Question 26

CNS glial cells are located

Answer 26

microglial, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells

Question 27

PNS glial cells are located

Answer 27

schwann cells

Question 28

microglia cells

Answer 28

brain immune cells, act as macrophages, phagocytosis to clear debris, release NO to prevent viral replication, protect the brain against injury/infection, important in developing brain, destroying the synapses that are unnecessary

Question 29

astrocytes

Answer 29

most common, star shaped, structural/metabolic support

Question 30

oligodendrocytes

Answer 30

support to axons of neurons in the CNS, form myelin, brain (white matter), cerebral cortex

Question 31

gray matter refers to areas with high populations of

Answer 31

stoma

Question 32

ependymal cells

Answer 32

cover the ventricles of the brain, central canal of the CNS, creates CSF

Question 33

schwann cells

Answer 33

neurolemmocytes, arranged side by side, myelin, PNS

Question 34

mammalian nervous systems 2 divisions

Answer 34

CNS & PNS

Question 35

CNS composed of what 2 things

Answer 35

brain & spinal cord, surrounded by bone/ligaments

Question 36

PNS composed of what 2 types of neurons

Answer 36

motor (efferent) or sensory (afferent)

Question 37

motor neurons divided into what 2 systems

Answer 37

somatic (skeletal) & autonomic (visceral: cardiac/smooth muscle, exocrine glands)

Question 38

autonomic nervous system divided into what 2 systems

Answer 38

sympathetic (fight/flight) & parasympathetic (rest/digest)

Question 39

CNS divided into what 7 regions

Answer 39

spinal cord, medulla (oblongata), pons, cerebellum, midbrain/mesencephalon, diencephalon, telencephalon/cerebral hemispheres

Question 40

CNS protected by

Answer 40

meninges & CSF

Question 41

what 3 protective layers make up CNS

Answer 41

pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater

Question 42

pia mater

Answer 42

innermost

Question 43

arachnoid

Answer 43

spiderweb, traps CSF, subarachnoid space

Question 44

dura mater

Answer 44

outermost, protects CNS

Question 45

CSF

Answer 45

cerebral spinal fluid, ependymal cell

Question 46

PNS composed of

Answer 46

all the neural tissue outside the CNS

Question 47

function of PNS

Answer 47

deliver sensory information to the CNS, carries motor commands to peripheral tissues/systems

Question 48

2 nerves within PNS

Answer 48

cranial & spinal

Question 49

sensory (afferent) neurons divided into what 2 systems

Answer 49

somatic (skin, muscle, retina) | visceral (organs, olfactory, taste buds)