Respiratory System COPY

Question 1

What is diffusion

Answer 1

The movement of gas molecules from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure

Question 2

What is gaseous exchange

Answer 2

The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

Question 3

What pressure is needed for expiration

Answer 3

The pressure has to be higher in the lungs than the atmosphere.

Question 4

What muscles are used during breathing at rest when inspiring

Answer 4

diaphragm - external intercostal muscles

Question 5

What muscles are used during breathing at rest when expiring

Answer 5

diaphragm relaxes
external intercostals relax
use abdominals and internal intercostals

Question 6

What is tidal volume

Answer 6

The volume air breathed in or out per breath

Question 7

What is inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 7

The volume of air that can forcibly be inspired after a normal breath

Question 8

What is expiratory reserve volume

Answer 8

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

Question 9

What is minute ventilation

Answer 9

The volume of air inspired or expired per minute

Question 10

How is minute ventilation calculated

Answer 10

Respiratory Frequency (per min) x tidal volume

Question 11

What is residual volume

Answer 11

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

Question 12

What happens to tidal volume during exercise

Answer 12

Increases

Question 13

What happens to inspiratory reserve volume during exercise

Answer 13

Decreases

Question 14

What happens to expiratory volume reserve during exercise

Answer 14

Slight decrease

Question 15

What happens to residual volume during exercise

Answer 15

Stays the same

Question 16

What happens to minute ventilation during exercise

Answer 16

Big increase

Question 17

What is partial pressure

Answer 17

The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases

Question 18

What is the difference in partial pressure referred to

Answer 18

Concentration gradient

Question 19

What three types of control are involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation (breathing) during exercise

Answer 19

neural control- chemical control- hormonal control

Question 20

What does neural control use to regulate breathing

Answer 20

Involves the brain and the nervous system to regulate breathing

Question 21

How does chemical control regulate breathing

Answer 21

Control concerned with the blood acidity to regulate breathing

Question 22

What happens when the blood acidity is high

Answer 22

The brain is informed and it sends impulses through the nervous system to increasing breathing

Question 23

What two systems controls pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

Answer 23

sympathetic nervous system - parasympathetic nervous system

Question 24

what does the respiratory centre of the medulla oblongata control

Answer 24

rate and depth of breathing

Question 25

what chemical change would stimulate the respiratory centre to increase respiratory rate

Answer 25

an increase in concentration of carbon dioxide

Question 26

The respiratory centre has two main areas. Inspiratory and Expiratory. What are they responsible for

Answer 26

Inspiratory centre, responsible for inspiration and expiration - Expiratory centre, stimulates the Expiratory muscles during exercise

Question 27

The inspiratory centre sends outs what via the phrenic nerve

Answer 27

Sends out nerve impulses to cause inspiratory muscles to contract

Question 28

What factors affect neural control of breathing

Answer 28

mechanical factors- baroreceptors- stretch receptor

Question 29

What is the role of stretch receptors

Answer 29

During exercise lungs are stretched more. These receptors prevent over-inflation of lungs

Question 30

How do baroreceptors affect neural control of breathing during exercise

Answer 30

Detect changes in blood pressure and results in an increase in breathing rate

Question 31

How does mechanical factors (proprioception) affect neural control of breathing during exercise

Answer 31

They detect muscle movement which provide feedback to the respiratory centre to increase breathing during exercise

Question 32

What is cilia

Answer 32

Microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles

Question 33

What is COPD

Answer 33

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease A chronic disorder and debilitating disease.

Question 34

What is the diffusion pathway for oxygen

Answer 34

alveoli - blood - muscles

Question 35

What is the diffusion pathway of carbon dioxide

Answer 35

muscles - blood - alveoli

Question 36

What are the 3 steps of gaseous exchange of o2 at the alveoli

Answer 36

High PO2 in the alveoli & low PO2 in the capillary Oxygen diffuses from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the capillary

Question 37

What are the 3 steps of gaseous exchange of CO2 at the alveoli

Answer 37

High PCO2 in the capillary and a low PCO2 in the alveoli Carbon dioxide diffuse from an area of high concentration to low concentration Carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries into the alveoli

Question 38

What are the 3 steps of gaseous exchange of CO2 at the muscles

Answer 38

High PCO2 in the muscle and a low PCO2 in the capillary CO2 diffuse from a high concentration to a low concentration CO2 diffuses from the muscle to the capillary

Question 39

What are the 3 steps of gaseous exchange of O2 at the muscles

Answer 39

High PO2 in the capillary and a low PO2 in the muscle The oxygen diffuses from a high concentration to a low concentration Oxygen diffuses from the capillary to the muscle

Question 40

State 3 structures in the lungs involved in assisting diffusion

Answer 40

Capillarisation One cell thick Layer of moisture around the lungs

Question 41

State 3 structures in the capillaries involved in assisting diffusion

Answer 41

one cell thick large surface area narrow diameter

Question 42

what is the order of events for increasing breathing rate (inspiration)

Answer 42

receptors - RCC - phrenic nerve - diaphragm and external intercostals contract FASTER

Question 43

what is the order of events for increasing breathing rate (expiration)

Answer 43

Receptors → respiratory centre in the medulla → intercostal nerve → abdominals and internal intercostals contract FASTER

Question 44

Identify 4 effects of smoking on the respiratory system

Answer 44

Damages alveoli Damages cilia Carbon Monoxide binds with haemoglobin Narrowing airways

Question 45

What is the impact of narrowing airways on sporting performance

Answer 45

Increased breathlessness

Question 46

What is the impact of damaged cilia on sporting performance

Answer 46

Smokers cough

Question 47

What is the impact of damaged alveoli on sporting performance

Answer 47

Reduced efficiency of gaseous exchange

Question 48

What is the impact of carbon monoxide binding with haemoglobin on sporting performance

Answer 48

reduces oxygen transportation

Question 49

what is the overall effect of smoking on endurance performance

Answer 49

reduces o2 transportation so have to work anaerobically = lactic acid = fatigue