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Biology > Respiratory System and Skin > Flashcards

Respiratory System and Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

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2
Q

Respiration

A

Exchange of gases between lungs and blood, or blood and tissue.

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3
Q

Conduction Zone

A

Parts of the body that only participate in ventilation.

Nose - nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - terminal bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles* - alveolar ducts* - alveoli*

Also part of the Respiratory zone

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4
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

Parts of the body that participate in gas exchange.

Respiratory bronchiole - Alveolar duct (walls consist of alveoli) - Alveolus

Alveoli are only one cell thick except where capillaries cross the surface.

Note, the respiratory bronchiole is identical to the terminal bronchioles except that it has some alveolar cells that permit gas exchange.

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5
Q

Alternate functions of the respiratory system

A

pH regulation.

Thermoregulation.

Protection from disease and particulate matter.

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6
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Results in an alkalinization of the blood, also known as respiratory alkalosis.

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7
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Results in an acidification of the blood also known as respiratory acidosis.

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8
Q

Larynx

A

Three functions:
1. Made entirely of cartilage and keeps the airway open

  1. Contains the epiglottis
  2. Contains the vocal cords
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9
Q

Trachea

A

Airway that must remain open for air flow.

Cartilage helps to maintain its structure.

Branches into two bronchi - also supported by cartilage. Bronchioles (1 mm) do not have any cartilage support but are made of smooth muscle.

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10
Q

Terminal Bronchioles

A

The walls here are too thick for gas exchange. No gas exchange occurs here.

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11
Q

Respiratory tract constitution

A

Epithelial cells cover from the nose all the way down into the bronchioles.

Specifically, COLUMNAR Epithelial cells. These cells are too thick to allow gas exchange though.

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12
Q

Goblet cells

A

Specialized epithelial columnar cells that secrete mucus.

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13
Q

The mucociliary escalator

A

Cilia on the apical surface of the respiratory tract constantly sweep mucus from goblet cells toward the pharynx, where mucus containing pathogens can be coughed out or swallowed.

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14
Q

Gas exchanging surface constitution

A

A thin, single layer of squamous epithelial tissue also referred to as SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM.

Mucous cannot be on these surfaces, so alveolar macrophages patrol these surfaces.

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15
Q

Surfactant

A

A soapy substance that prevents collapse of alveoli. Reduces surface tension.

A mixture of phospholipids, proteins, and ions secreted by cells in the alveolar wall.

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16
Q

Types of Alveolar Cells

A

Type 1 Alveolar Cells - simple squamous epithelium that exhibit gas exchange

Type 2 Alveolar Cells - large fat cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant. Metabolically active with lots of mitochondria.

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17
Q

Inspiration

A

The active process driven by a contraction of the diaphragm that draws air in.

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18
Q

Expiration

A

The passive process driven by elastic recoil of the lungs that does not require muscle contraction.

Note, it can be active if abdominal muscles are used to expel air. Referred to as Forced Expiration.

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19
Q

Are the lungs directly connected to the chest cavity?

A

No.

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20
Q

Membranes (pleura) surrounding the lungs

A

Parietal Pleura - lines the inside of the chest cavity

Visceral Pleura - lines the surface of the lungs

Pressure in the pleural space, pleural pressure, is negative. Some fluid helps hold them together.

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21
Q

Diaphragm

A

Relaxed - dome shape

Contracted - flat

*intercostal muscles (between ribs) also contract during inspiration

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22
Q

Steps of inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts

Volume of chest cavity expands

Pleural pressure decreases, becomes more negative

Lungs expand outward

Pressure in alveoli becomes negative

Air enters the lungs and the alveoli

23
Q

Alveoli pressure at 0

A

At the end of expiration and right after inspiration before expiration.

24
Q

Spirometry

A

The measurement of volume of air as it enters and exit the lungs at various stages of respiration.

Spirometer is a device used for measurement.

25
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during light breathing. About 10% of lung capacity. 0.5 L of 5 - 6L.

26
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

Volume of air that can be expired after passive resting expiration.

27
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The volume of air that can be inspired after relaxed inspiration.

28
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A

Volume of air left in the lungs after resting expiration.

29
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inspired after relaxed exhalation.

30
Q

Residual Volume

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after the strongest possible expiration.

31
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The maximum amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after the deepest possible breath.

32
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

RV + VC

33
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

The Pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. It eventually branches into many different alveolar capillaries.

*Note that lungs are supplied with lymphatic vessels as well.

34
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Can occur if left ventricle pressure is too high, forcing pressure to increase in alveolar capillaries, which can cause fluid to secrete into surrounding lung tissue.

The lymphatic system can help by carrying interstitial fluid out of the lungs.

35
Q

Surface area of the lungs

A

Very high, around that size of a tennis court.

36
Q

Henry’s Law

A

The amount of a gas that will dissolve into a liquid is dependent upon the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility in the liquid.

[Dissolved O2] = P(O2) x S(O2)

Note: gases are less soluble as temperature increases

37
Q

What is the driving force for the exchange of gases between alveolar air and blood in the lungs?

A

Partial pressure between the alveolar air and the blood.

38
Q

Respiratory Membrane

A

The three layers that gases must diffuse through to reach the blood stream.

Alveolar epithelium, interstitial fluid, and the capillary endothelium

Because this membrane is so thin, equilibration of partial pressures occurs rapidly

39
Q

Respiratory control center

A

Regulated by the medulla in the brain stem.

40
Q

Ventilation Rate Modulation

A

Dictated by assessment of 3 factors:

Partial pressure CO2

pH

Partial pressure O2 (to a lesser degree)

41
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

Located in the Aorta and carotid arteries and monitor all three factors affecting ventilation rate.

42
Q

Central Chemoreceptors

A

Found in the medullary respiratory control centre and monitor the partial pressure of CO2 and pH of the CSF.

43
Q

Constriction/Dilation of Bronchi and bronchioles

A

Bronchoconstriction

Bronchodilation

Bronchoconstriction occurs as a result of ACh release from the parasympathetic system. Usually it is a response to an irritant in the lungs.

Ex. During an allergy attack, mast cells release histamine that causes bronchioconstriction. Epinephrine causes the smooth muscle to relax in the lungs.

People with Asthma use inhalers that have epinephrine, anti-histamines and anticholinergics.

44
Q

Mechanical Stimuli that affect ventilation rate

A

Irritants

Physical stretching of the lungs - stretching activates stretch receptors that inhibt anymore excitatory signals from respiratory center.

45
Q

Irritant Receptors

A

In the lungs, tigger coughing and bronchoconstriction when irritants are detected (ex. smoke)

46
Q

Role of the skin

A

Protect from pathogens

Prevent excessive evaporation

Regulate body temperature

47
Q

Layers of the skin

A

Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis), protective insulating layer of fat.

48
Q

Epidermis

A

Composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

Cells are constantly sluffed off and replaced by mitosis at the deepest layer: Stratum Basale.

Basically surface skin is dead

49
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium cells are

A

Keratinized

Also contain melanin (produced by melanocytes)

50
Q

Dermis

A

Various cell types in a connective tissue matrix.

Contains blood vessels that provide the epidermis and dermis.

Sensory receptors: touch, pressure, pain.

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Hair follicles -

Some specialized areas contain ceruminous glands (wax) glands

51
Q

Homeotherms

A

Humans have a relatively constant body temperature.

Maintained by metabolism and muscle contraction.

Some other animals can use brown adipose tissue to produce energy, and this is known as chemical thermogenesis or non-shivering thermoregulation; however, humans do not use this to a considerable degree.

52
Q

Four methods to manage cold temperatures for the human body

A
  1. Contraction of skeletal muscles
  2. Skin provides insulation to heat produced via metabolism
  3. Constriction of blood vessels in the dermis. Cutaneous vasoconstriction. Sympathetic nervous system.
  4. Protective layers like clothing.

Note that thyroid hormone, although it can increase the metabolic rate, is not considered an effective thermoregulator as it can take weeks to take effect.

4.

53
Q

Expelling excess heat

A
  1. Sweating
  2. Vasodilation

Biology (14 decks)

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