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Biology > CH6 Part 1 > Flashcards

CH6 Part 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hooke Cell Theory

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the monomer of any organism
  3. New cells arise from pre-existing, living cells
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2
Q

Additions to Hooke cell theory

A
  1. No matter the species, chemical composition of cells is similar
  2. DNA is source of heredity
  3. Biochemical energy flows within cells
  4. organisms activity is product of cell activity
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3
Q

Major difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

A

Prok. dont have membrane-bound organelles (“before the nucleus”)

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4
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria, archaea, blue green algae

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5
Q

Largest taxonomic division and the three recognized

A

Domain: Archaea, Bacteria (preceding are Prok.), Eukarya

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6
Q

Taxonomic division under domain

A

Kingdom, Eukaryotes: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi

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7
Q

What genetic elements can be found in a prokaryote

A
  1. Single double stranded DNA
  2. Polyribosome
  3. plasmid (circular peice of ds-DNA much smaller than genome) also known as an extrochromosal genetic element. Typically confer an advantage. Also facilitate conjugation - prokaryotic sharing of info.
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8
Q

Bacteria Shapes and proper name?

A
  1. Round - Cocci
  2. Rod-shaped - Bacilli
  3. spiral-shaped - Spirochetes or spirillia
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9
Q

Bacterial Cell Wall

A

Rigid, composed of peptidoglycan which also contains D-alanine (both are unique to prokaryotes).
Note: lysozyme destroys the cell wall resulting in a protoblast

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10
Q

Gram Staining

A

Gram-positive: stains dark purple. Has thick wall of peptidoglycan.

Gram-negative: stains pinkish. Thin wall of peptidoglycan but additional exterior wall of lipopolysaccaride. Space between two walls = periplasmic space (can contain enzymes that degrade antibiotics)

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11
Q

Endotoxins

A

Found in outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

Not inherently toxic, but cause strong immune reaction

if many bacteria die, releasing endotoxins, can cause a patient to experience septic shock. Aqueous blood is leaked into tissue causing large drop in blood pressure.

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12
Q

Exotoxins

A

Secreted by both gram(+) and gram(-). Help bacteria compete against other - sometimes natural bacterias.

Disease examples: Botulism, diptheria, tetanus, toxic shock syndrome

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13
Q

Capsule

A

Also known as glycocalyx.

Sticky layer of polysaccaride surrounding bacteria/colony

Prevents immune detection and improves adhesion to surfaces.

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14
Q

Flagella Distribution

A

Monotrichous - flagella at one end

Amphitrichous - flagella at both ends

Peritrichous - multiple flagella

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15
Q

Flagella Structure

A

Filament
Hook - like a 90o bend
Basal Structures - anchor to inner and outer membrane, and rotate rod

Powered by diffusion of H+ down proton gradient across inner membrane

*Note: different microtubule formation than in eukaryotes

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16
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Orienting toward or away from food or toxins respectively. Detected by chemoreceptors.

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17
Q

Pili

A

Long projections involved in attaching to different surfaces.

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18
Q

Sex pilus

A

Facilitates Conjugation Bridges between F+ (male) and F- (female) bacteria.

19
Q

Fimbrae

A

Facilitate adhesion to surfaces.

20
Q

Bacteria and Temperature

A

Can be used to classify bacteria.

Mesophiles: Prefer mild temperatures (30oC)

Thermophiles: survive up to 100oC

psychrophiles: near 0oC

21
Q

Bacteria classification with Nutrition

A

Autotrophs - CO2 as carbon source

Heterotrophs - organic nutrients

Chemotrophs - energy from chemicals

Phototrophs - energy from light

But all bacteria are either Autotroph or Heterotroph and Chemotroph or Phototroph

22
Q

4 Types of Bacteria

A

Chemoautotrophs: Build organic molecules from CO2 using chemical energy derived from inorganic molecules like H2S

Chemoheterotrophs: Require organic material as carbon source and energy

Photoautotrophs: CO2 as carbon source and energy from the sun

Photoheterotrophs: Energy from sun, but require organic molecule from other organism

23
Q

Minimal Medium

A

Contains only glucose

24
Q

Lawn and Plaque

A

Lawn is a dense growth of bacteria. Plaque is a gap in growth.

25
Q

Auxotroph

A

A bacteria that cannot survive in minimal media, because can’t produce a molecule it needs to survive. Requires AUXillary Trophic substance to survive. Ex. Arginine

26
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

require oxygen

27
Q

Anaerobes

A

Do not require oxygen

28
Q

Faculative Anaerobes

A

Use O2 when around, but not needed

29
Q

Tolerant Anaerobes

A

Do not O2 in metabolism but can have present

30
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Poisoned by oxygen

31
Q

Fermentation v. Respiration

A

Respiration: Glucose catabolism with inorganic molecule

Fermentation: Glucose catabolism without an electron acceptor - produces a byproduct

32
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Glucose metabolism with electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation without oxygen (ex. SO4, H2S, CO2, CH4)

33
Q

Log Phase

A

Exponential growth phase of bacteria (Log of exponential curve is linear), following lag phase and stationary phase)

34
Q

Lag phase

A

precedes exponential growth and occurs for bacteria that were not previously growing, Result of needing to produce components for cell division ex. dNTPs

35
Q

Stationary phase

A

Cease to divide due to lack of nutrients

36
Q

Endospores

A

Formed by gram-positive bacteria under poor growth conditions.

Contains genome, ribosomes, and RNA in hard shell of peptidoglycan. Can withstand up to 100oC. Cannot divide during this period.

Metabolic reactivation = germination.

37
Q

Bacterial means to acquire new genetic info

A

Transduction - Transfer of DNA by a lysogenic phage

Transformation - Under certain conditions, pure DNA will simply be integrated into cell.

Conjugation -

38
Q

Conjugation

A

Two bacteria form conjugation bridge and one cell dopies DNA and transfers to other cell.

F (fertility) factor is key. If have F factor = F+ and male. If not F- and female.

F factor is exchanged during conjugation, so “sex” is transferred.

39
Q

F factor

A

Fertility factor: singular circular DNA molecule. Contains many genes involved in conjugation ex. to form sex pili.

40
Q

Hfr Cell

A

High Frequency Recombination Cell - F factor can become integrated into genome through recombination. Can still drive conjugation.

Note recombination can occur during conjugation as some genes in the F- cell will now be duplicate.

41
Q

Conjugation Mapping

A

Can be performed using Hfr cells.

Review pg. 157 for more detail

42
Q

Archaea

A

Live in most extreme environments. Have cell wal without peptidoglycan.

Similar traits to Eukaryotes: introns, mRNA sequences that are similar.

Reproduce via fusion or fission.

Extremely beneficial for industrial research.

43
Q

Parasitic Bacteria

A

Obligate - must be inside a host to replicate

Faculative - can replicate inside or outside a host cell

44
Q

Symbiotic Bacteria

A

Ex. Rhizobia - fixes nitrogen in the roots of legumes

Ex 2. Cyanobacteria in marine environments fix nitrogen

Biology (14 decks)

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