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Biology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Active role of the scrotum

A

(1) Thermoregulation

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2
Q

Active Role of the Testes

A

(1) Spermatogenesis

(2) Androgen secretion

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3
Q

Origin of spermatogenesis in the testes

A

Seminiferous Tubules, the walls of which are formed by sustentacular cells (sertoli cells).

Sustentacular cells protect and nurture sperm.

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4
Q

Testicular interstitum

A

Tissue inbetween seminiferous tubules.

Contain Interstitial cells that are responsible for androgen production.

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5
Q

Testes structures from Epididymis to Urethra

A

Seminiferous tubules empty into the epididymis.

It is a long coiled tube at the back of the testes which empties into the DUCTUS DEFRENS (or vans deferens) that then leads, via the INGUINAL CANAL, to the pelvic cavity where it joins the duct of the SEMINAL VESICLES where it becomes the EJACULATORY DUCT. Both seminal vesicles become the ejaculatory duct, which lead to the urethra.

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6
Q

Inguinal canal

A

A tunnel that travels along the body wall toward the crest of the hip bone. (this means there are two)

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7
Q

Semen

A

Highly nourishing fluid for sperm.

Seminal vesicles secrete about 60% of semen into the ejaculatory duct.

Prostate (35% of ejaculatory volume) and the bulbourethral glands (3% of ejaculatory volume) produce the remaining semen.

2% additional consist of sperm.

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8
Q

Acessory glands

A

Seminal vessicles

Prostate

Bulbourethral

Testes

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9
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

Secrete 60% of ejaculate, mainly fructose, nourishes sperm.

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10
Q

Prostate

A

Secrete about 35% of ejaculate, mainly fructos and a coagulent, helps to make the sperm coagulate after ejaculation.

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11
Q

Bulbourethral Glands

A

Secrete about 3% of ejaculate, thick alkaline mucus.

Lubricates urethra and neutralizes acids in male urethra and female vagina.

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12
Q

Erectile Tissue

A

Specialized tissue that allows for erection.

Composed of modified veins and capillaries surrounded by connective tissue.

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13
Q

Three compartments containing erectile tissue

A

Corpus cavernosa (two; plural is corpora)

Corpus spongiosum (one)

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14
Q

Male sexual act

A

Controlled by integrating centre in the spinal cord that responds to physical stimulation and brain input (can excite or inhibit).

Three components: Arousal, ejaculation, resolution.

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15
Q

Male Arousal

A

Relies on the parasympathetic nervous system.

Two stages: erection and lubrication

Erection - dilation of arteries supplying erectile tissue. Swelling obstructs venus outflow.

Lubrication - bulbourethral gland secretes alkaline lubricant

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16
Q

Male orgasm

A

Requires stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system.

Two stages: emission and ejaculation

Emission - propulsion of sperm from ductus deferens and semen from accessory glands (product of contracting smooth muscle around organs)

Ejaculation - rythmic contractions by muscles at the base of the penis propel semen out (actually a reflex reaction from semen in the urethra)

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17
Q

Male resolution

A

Controlled by sympathetic system.

Return to unstimulated state. Result of constriction of erectile arteries.

timeline 2 - 3 minutes.

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18
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Produces spermatozoa (gametes)

Cells that give rise to sperm are GERM CELLS.

Immature sperm are found in the outer wall of the seminiferous tubule, and almost mature sperm are deposited into the lumen - form head and tail and neck region, that has mitochondria. Final maturation occurs in the epididymis.

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19
Q

Syngamy

A

Fusion of the sperm with ova.

Produces a zygote. Note that the only component of the zygote provided by the sperm is the haploid genome.

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20
Q

Formation of spermatozoa

A

Spermatogonium (mitosis occurs, diploid) > Primary spermatocyte (diploid) > Secondary spermatocyte (haploid, but with sister chormatids) > Spermatids (haploid after second meiotic division) > Spermatozoa

remember spermatoGOnium is GOing to become a sperm

Any term with “cyte” undergoes meiotic division

Spermatid is a kid, almost mature

Spermatozoa = mature.

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21
Q

Ductus Defrens

A

Secrete inhibitory material to stop motility of sperm. Allows for decreased metabolism and storage for up to a month.

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22
Q

How do spermatozoa get energy?

A

From fructose in semen and vaginal secretions.

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23
Q

Acrosome

A

Area of the sperm head that contains hydrolytic enzymes necessary to penetrate ovum protective layers.

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24
Q

Bindin

A

Protein at the surface of sperm heads that attaches to receptors of the zona pellucida.

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25
Q

Testosterone impact on spermatogenesis

A

Stimulates division of spermatogonia

Note that testosterone (along with estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin) all inhibit the antuitary pituitary and hypothalamus.

During development it results in Wolffian duct development.

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26
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Secreted from antuitary pituitary.

Stimulates interstitial cells to stimulate testosterone secretion

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27
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Secreted from antuitary pituitary.

Stimulates sustenacular cells

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28
Q

Inhibin

A

Secreted by sustenacular cells, inhibits FSH

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29
Q

Early weeks of development gonadal development

A

At this stage it is impossible to differentiate between male and female from gonad formation.

All embryos will have Wolffian ducts (ductus defrens, seminal vesicles, epididymis) and Mullerian ducts (Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina)

30
Q

Default gonad formation

A

In the absence of Y chromosome, Mullerian duct development occurs.

Internal female genitalia result.

External female genitalia (labia, clitoris) are also the default but they do not result from mullerian ducts.

31
Q

Y Chromosome impacts

A

Produces testosterone and Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIH) that drive the development of male genitalia and regression of the Mullerian duct, respectively.

Secretion of testosterone happens around week 7, and by week 9, testicles will have formed.

Note though that supposedly if an XY chromosome embryo does not secrete testerone that it will likely still develop testes.

32
Q

Systemic Testosterone in development

A

Note that testosterone in development needs to be converted to dihydrotestosterone in target tissues to have its effect.

33
Q

Clarification:

XY –> Teste development and three factors result

A

Local testerone - promotes wolffian duct development (Ductus defrens, seminal vesicles, epididymis)

Systemic testerone - converted to dihydrotestosterone, and results in development of male genitalia.

MIH - Mullerian duct regression

34
Q

Lubrication glands in male and female reproductives systems

A

Bulbourethral glands (males)

Greater vestibular glands (females)

35
Q

External Skin folds in male and females

A

Scrotum (male) forms from the labioscrotal swellings

Labia majora (female) also formed from the labioscrotal swellings

36
Q

Androgens

A

Hormones involved in development and maintenance of male characteristics.

37
Q

Estrogens

A

Hormones involved in development and maintenance of female characteristics.

38
Q

Testerone peaks during development

A

Before birth and at puberty. It is largely at negligible levels otherwise.

39
Q

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

A

Males: maturation of genitalia; facial hair and body hair, deepening of the voice, increased muscle mass

Females: maturation of genitalia; breast development; wider hips; pubic hair

40
Q

Tumors in the interstitial cells causes

A

Precocious puberty as a result of excess testosterone secretion

41
Q

Testerone v. Dihydrotestosterone concentrations in blood

A

Testosterone is much higher in blood.

Dihydrotestosterone is produced in target cells.

42
Q

Regulation of sex steroid hormones

A

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone, GnRH (hypothalamus) > Gonadotropins (Pituitary)

43
Q

Gonadotropins

A

LH and FSH

In males: LH stimulates interstitial cells and therefore increases testosterone; FSH stimulates the sustentacular cells

In females: FSH stimulates granulosa cells to produce estrogen; LH stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum and progesterone secretion

Negative feedback regulation on the hypothalamus and the pituitary. Inhibin, produced by sustentacular and granulosa cells also inhibits.

44
Q

Clitoris

A

Forms from the same structure as the penis in the males.

45
Q

Urethral opening

A

Just under the clitoris. Where urine exits the body.

Surrounded by the labia minora.

46
Q

Labia minora

A

Surrounds the urethral opening and the vaginal opening.

47
Q

Female internal genitalia

A

Vagina, uterine tubes, uterus - derived from the Mullerian ducts, so no homologus structures in males.

48
Q

Vagina

A

A tube that ends in the pelvic cavity - although the uterus (another tube) opens into the vagina

49
Q

Cervix

A

Where the uterus opens into the vagina.

50
Q

Endometrium

A

Inner most lining of the uterus.

Responsible for nourishing a baby. It is shed each month resulting in vaginal bleeding if not pregnant.

51
Q

Myometrium

A

Thick layer of smooth muscle behind the endometrium that lines the uteran wall.

52
Q

Uterus

A

Ends in two uteran tubes that end with finger-like structures called Fimbrae - which bruch against the ovary.

Oocytes come from the ovary and are swept int the uterine tube via cillia.

53
Q

Female Sexual Act

A

Arousal, orgasm, and resolution

54
Q

Arousal

A

Swelling - of the clitoris and labia minora (As a result of erectile tissue)

Lubrication - provided by secretions of the greater vestibular glands

Controlled by the parasympathetic system.

55
Q

Orgasm

A

Controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.

Involves muscle contraction and a widening of the cervix

56
Q

Resolution

A

The female does not ejaculate.

Resolution can take 20 - 30 minutes. Compare that to 2 - 3 minutes for men.

57
Q

Oogenesis

A

Begins prenatally.

Germ cells in a the ovaries of a female fetus mitotically divide to produce many OOGONIA.

Also undergo the first phase of meiosis and arested in Prophase I as primary oocytes.

Oocyte numbers peak at about 7 million mid-festation, and decrease to about 2 million at birth. Only 400 000 at puberty. The average woman will ovulate only about 400.

58
Q

First meiosis in women

A

Produces one large secondary Oocyte and one smaller (without organelles or cytoplasm) known as a polar body.

59
Q

Second Meiotic division

A

Only occurs if the egg is fertilized.

Division is also unequal, results in a large OVUM and a second polar body.

This delays the merging of DNA as time is provided for the division to occur.

60
Q

How many eggs result from meiotic divisions of a single oogonium?

A

One egg, and three cells (two polar bodies and the one egg)

61
Q

Primary Oocyte

A

Is not a solitary cell, it is surrounded by granulosa cells (and the first polar body remains close). Granulosa cells assist in maturation and therefore are analogous to sustentacular cells.

Together this structure is known as a follicle.

When it is an immature primary oocyte it is considered a PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE and surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells.

62
Q

Granulosa Cells

A

Surround a primary oocyte, assist in maturation and are therefore analogous to a sustentacular cell in males.

Together these structures are termed a Follicle

63
Q

Primordial follicles

A

When a single layer of granulosa cells surrounds an immature primary oocyte.

During maturation, granulosa cells replicate and form a more substantive layer around the oocyte.

64
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Protective layer formed by a primary oocyte consisting of mucopolysaccharides.

65
Q

Thecal cells

A

Seperate follicles, when there are multiples in the ovary. They respond to LH.

Analogous to Testicular interstitial cells. Also respond to LH.

66
Q

Graafian follicle

A

Of all the follicles in the ovary, only one undergoes ovulation each month, all other degenerate.

Graffian follicle achieves ovulation.

67
Q

During Ovulation - Follicles

A

The Graffian follicle will burst releasing the secondary oocyte with the zona pellucida and the layer of granulosa cells.

68
Q

Corona radiata

A

The layer of granulosa cells that surround the oocyte after it bursts out of the graafian follicle.

69
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Follicular cells that remain in the ovary - eventually degenerate.

69
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Follicular cells that remain in the ovary - eventually degenerate.

70
Q

Estrogen

A

Secreted by granulosa cells during the first half of menstruation

71
Q

Estrogen and Progesterone

A

Secreted by the corpus luteum during the second half of the cycle

Biology (14 decks)

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