Respiratory System

Question 1

Progresson of Anatomy of resp system

Answer 1

nares –> nasal cavity –> pharynx –> larynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli

Question 2

Lung membranes

Answer 2

parietal pleura, visceral pleura, and pleura space

Question 3

Surfactant

Answer 3

detergent that covers alveoli that increases surface tension and prevents the alveoli from collapsing on itself (esp. during exhalation)

Question 4

muscles involved in breathing

Answer 4

• diaphragm (somatic control, but breathing is under autonomic control
• muscles in chest wall, back, neck - intercostals

Question 5

respiration mechanism

Answer 5

Diaphragm and intercostals contract and increase V –> decreased PIP –> P in lung decrease to match PIP by inc V –> air sucked in
Diaphragm and intercostals contract and decrease V –> increased PIP –> P in lung increase to match PIP by dec V –> air released.

Question 6

Why is exhalation called a passive process?

Answer 6

you cannot force more air out quicker, a simple relaxaion will cause exhalation (opposite to inhalation where muscles are actively moved

Question 7

What creates the resilience of the lungs?

Answer 7

the lungs are attached to the chest walls via pleurae, to create pressure differentials

Question 8

Regulation of breathing center

Answer 8

chemoreceptors sense inc CO2 –> hypercarbia = acidosis of blood –> medulla inc resp rate to bloc off CO2

Question 9

Total lung capacity

Answer 9

6-7L

Question 10

residual volume

Answer 10

the volume left after a complete exhale

Question 11

vital capacity

Answer 11

total lung capacity - residual volume

Question 12

tidal volume

Answer 12

the volume exhaled or inhaled in a normal, unstrained breath

Question 13

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 13

the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhale

Question 14

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 14

the volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhale

Question 15

Alveolar gas exchange

Answer 15

no active transport –> diffusion following pressure differentials and Henry’s law
CO2 from pulmonary artery (right atrium) and O2 to pulmonary vein to left atrium

Question 16

Henry’s law

Answer 16

for a given T, the amount of volume diffused in a liquid is directly proportionate to its solubility and partial pressure:
- PCO2 in blood arriving is higher than air, CO 2 is released and O2 is loaded.

Question 17

Functions of respiratory tract

Answer 17

• breathing
• thermoregulation
• immune function

Question 18

How does resp tract achieve thermorgulation?

Answer 18

• Vasoconstriction = more heat preserved vs vasodilation = more heat lost
• Nasal and tracheal Capillary beds
• Panting - transfer of heat through water evaporation

Question 19

How does resp tract achieve immune functions?

Answer 19

• particulate filtration: nasal hairs = vibrissae –> underlying cilia that sends the mucus up the oral cavity –> the mucociliary elevator
• nasal cavity: lysosomes that attack peptidoglycan of G+ Bacteria
• Alveoli contain macrophage, AB igA, and mast cells to trigger allergic response when bound.

Question 20

pH control equation

Answer 20

CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 –> HCO3 + H+

Question 21

normal pH range in blood

Answer 21

7.35-7.45

Question 22

Acidemia

Answer 22

when blood is too acidic, equation shifted to the right (high H+), chemoreceptors sense it and release signals to increase resp rate to remove CO2 and shift the equation back to left

Question 23

Alkalemia

Answer 23

when blood is too basic, equation shifted to the left (low H+), chemoreceptors sense it and release sigals to decrease resp rate to keep CO2 and shift the equation back to right

Question 24

Hyperventilation

Answer 24

makes blood more basic

Question 25

Hypoventilation

Answer 25

makes blood more acidic

Question 26

metabolic acidosis

Answer 26

body compensate for blood acidity by increasing resp tract and losing more CO2