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Biology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Circulatory pathway

A

vena cava –> RA –> tricuspid valca –> RV –> pulmonary valve –> pulmonary artey –> lungs –> pulmonary vein –> LA –> bicuspid valve –> LV –> aortic valve –> aorta

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2
Q

Why is the L heart more muscular?

A

because it needs to pump blood for the whole body. A pressure this big would damage the lungs

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3
Q

What heart valves are not actively closed by the papillary muscles?

A

the pulmonary valves

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4
Q

Electric conductance of the heart?

A

SA nodes (atria contracts) –> AV nodes (delayed contraction) –> Bundle of His –> Perkinje fibers

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5
Q

Why is there a signal delay at the AV nodes?

A

to allow for the ventricle to fill completely fill before it contracts

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6
Q

What allows for the smooth coordinated ventricular contraction?

A

the gap junctions composing cardiac muscle (cells connected by intercalated discs)

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7
Q

What triggers heart contractions?

A

SA nodes acting like a pacemaker; does not need a neural input from CNS.

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8
Q

What is the intrinsic rhythm?

A

60-100 bpm but basal HR can be lower and go higher than 100 bpm w exercise, stress, danger…

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9
Q

isolelectric line on an EKG refers to?

A

no conductivity, nothing is firing, the line between heart beats

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10
Q

P wave on an EKG refers to?

A

Atrial depolarization

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11
Q

PR interval on an EKG refers to?

A

flat line: shows the slowing down of conduction when the signal hits the AV node

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12
Q

QRS complex on an EKG refers to?

A

the conduction of the signal through the left and right ventricle in a coordinated fashion

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13
Q

T wave on an EKG refers to?

A

when the heart resets and repolarize

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14
Q

What is the autonomic control of the circulatory system?

A

Even though, the SA nodes are the pacemaker of the heart, the vagus nerve controls the heart’s contractility and HR through sympathetic and parasympathetic signals.

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15
Q

Systole

A

AV valve closed to prevent back flow into the atria, semilunar valves open and ventricle contraction allow for the blood to leave the ventricles

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16
Q

Diastole

A

AV valve opened to allow for blood flow into the ventricle, ventricular relaxation. Semilunar valves are closed.

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17
Q

Diastolic pressure ? Systolic pressure

A

Diastolic < Systolic pressure

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18
Q

Cardiac output

A

the total volume of blood pumped by ventricles in a minute:

CO L/min = HR beats/min x stroke volume L/beat

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19
Q

Factors affecting HR

A
  • autonomic innervation

- hormones

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20
Q

Factors affecting SV

A
  • venous return
  • filling time
  • autonomic innervation
  • hormones
  • vasoconstriction/vasodilation
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21
Q

What controls ventricular filling?

A

most of it is passive due to ventricular relaxation but 30% is due to atrial contraction (atrial systole - P wave)

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22
Q

AV valves during ventricular filling?

A

open because atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure, because of blood flowing in from veins

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23
Q

Semilunar valves during the ventricular filling?

A

closed because the pulmonary and aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure

24
Q

What is the largest volume that the ventricle will contain?

A

the volume contained at the end of the diastole

25
Q

What is the isovolumetric contraction?

A

both valves are closed, the BP of the ventricles walls squeeze on the incompressible blood and causes the ventricular pressure to increase and open the semilunar valves to allow the blood to flow out (pressure in ventricles exceeds the pulmonary and aortic pressure)

26
Q

Lub

A

Start of diastole, AV valves are closed, semilunar valves are open

27
Q

Dub

A

End of diastole, AV valves are still closed, semilunar valves close to prevent backflow when arterial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure

28
Q

Blood trajectory?

A

arteries –> arterioles –> capillary –> venules –> veins

29
Q

Which component of the circulatory system provides the major and most important site in vasoconstriction?

A

Arterioles

30
Q

What are the circulatory system components that do not vasoconstrict?

A

Capillary and venule

31
Q

Veins vs arteries?

A

veins have valves, and no elastic recoil which allows them to stretch

32
Q

What are 3 portal systems?

A
  • hypophyseal portal system
  • renal portal system
  • Hepatic portal system
33
Q

Blood composition

A
  • erythrocytes/RBC
  • leukocytes
  • platelets
34
Q

RCB/erythrocytes

A
  • biconcave to increase SA
  • no nuclei, mito, to increase space for Hb
  • Spleen involved in reuse of Hb from old RBC, RBC production in kids, and RBC storage
35
Q

Leukocytes type of cells

A 
Agranulocytes = lymphocytes and monocytes
Granulocytes = basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
36
Q

Granulocytes role?

A

involved in inflammation and allergies, release toxic material

37
Q

Agranulocytes role?

A
  • monocytes: macrophage (when leaves circulation)

- lymphocytes: T and B cells

38
Q

T cells

A

mature in the thymus, cytotoxic t cells kill virally infected cells and activate other immune cells

39
Q

B cells

A

mature in the bone marrow, produce AB

40
Q

Macrophage

A

responsible for phagocytosis,
microglia in CNS
langerhans in skin
osteoclast in bone

41
Q

Platelets

A

formed in bone marrow from megakaryocytes
Assist in blood clotting: clot formed from platelets and coagulation protein factors
- prothrombin –> thrombin by thromboplastin
- thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin –> fibers make a crossed liked net to capture RBC and platelets

42
Q

hormones that regulate blood production?

A

Erythropoetin: secreted by kidney –> produces RBC
Thrombopoetin: secreted by kidney and liver –> produced platelets

43
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Rh incompatibility between mother and feotus, need to be treated during 2nd pregnancy to prevent hemolysis of the fetal cells.

44
Q

Changes in BP is detected by?

A

baroreceptors

45
Q

Changes in osmolarity is detected by?

A

chemoreceptors

46
Q

Resistance equation

A

8 nL/pi.r^4

47
Q

With more O2 present, there is a greater Hb saturation

A

true

48
Q

Higher affinity (Hb and O2) due to?

A
  • increased PO2, decreased T, increased pH (decreased H+), fetal Hb higher than maternal to pull O2 to foetus.
49
Q

CO2 transport in blood?

A

some can be transported on Hb (but lower affinity) but the majority is found as a bicarbonate:
CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 (carbonic acid)–> H+ + HCO3

50
Q

Why is there more H+ in veins?

A

because CO2 transported as bicarbonate and H+

51
Q

Expelling CO2 out from lungs

A

since there is a higher PCO2 in blood, it diffuses out into the alveolar and the drop in CO2 forces the conversion of bicarbonate into CO2 to be further released out the lungs.

52
Q

What happens to pH when hyperventilating?

A

More CO2 is released, equation shifts to produce more CO2 and less H+present, less acidic, and more basic

53
Q

How can basic pH be compensated?

A

by excreting more bicarbonate by kidneys, less bicarbonate –> equation shifts back to producing bicarbonate and hence more H+ –> blood is more acidic.

54
Q

What are the two opposing pressure gradients that maintain a proper balance between fluid volume between blood and interstitium?

A

Hydrostatic pressure (force and area of blood against blood vessels) and colloid osmotic pressure (plasma proteins maintaining fluid)

55
Q

Net pressure = ?

A

Hydrostatic pressure - colloid osmotic pressure

56
Q

Functions of the liver?

A
  • processing of nutrients
  • production of urea
  • detox of blood
  • production of bile: BA + CH + pigments (bilirubin major –> and excreted through urine)
  • production of albumin and clotting factors

Biology (7 decks)

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