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Biology > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

GPCR –> peptide hormones

A
  • peptide bound to 7a helix transmembrane (Gs or Gi)
  • induces confirmational change and alpha subunit attaches to GTP and detaches from b and g.
  • GTP and alpha bind adenyl cyclase which changes ATP to cAMP - a secondary messenger.
  • targets downstream enzymes
  • induces a phosphorylation cascade of many protein targets.
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2
Q

Receptor Kinase receptor –> peptide hormones

A

no adenylyl cyclase but also a phosphorylation cascade.

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3
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol; made by gonads and adrenal cortex
  • Can easily cross cell membrane and bind to intracellular or intranuclear receptors
  • Binding to receptors cause conformational changes and dimerization
  • Steroid hormones have slower, long-lasting effects (since they affect mRNA levels)
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4
Q

peptide hormones mechanism of action

A
  • GPCR and receptor tyrosine kinase
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5
Q

AA derivative hormones follow which mechanism of action?

A
  • Catecholamines: follow GPCR - Fast and short action

- Thyroid hormones: follow steroid hormones - slow and long action

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6
Q

Steroid hormones nomenclature

A

ol, one, oid

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7
Q

peptide hormone nomenclature

A

in, ine

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8
Q

hypothalamic-hypophysiotropic nuclei targeting anterior pituitary gland

A 
GHRH
GnRH
CRH
TRH
PRH
Dopamine/PIF
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9
Q

paraventricular nuclei

A

Oxytocin

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10
Q

supraoptic nuclei

A

ADH/vasopressin

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11
Q

GHRH stimulates?

A

GH (bone, muscle, cell turnover)

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12
Q

GnRH Stimulates?

A

FSH (sertoli cells, granulosa cells)

LH (Leydig cells, theca cells)

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13
Q

TRH stimulates?

A

TSH (thyroid glands) - stimulate the synthesis of T3 and T4

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14
Q

CRH stimulates?

A

ACTH and MSH (adrenal cortex –> cortisol and melanin)

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15
Q

PRH stimulates?

A

PRL (breast)

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16
Q

posterior pituitary gland secretes?

A

OT and ADH

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17
Q

Role of OT

A

milk let down –> mammary glands

smooth uterine muscle contraction (+ feedback)

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18
Q

Role of ADH

A

Vasopressin increase water retention through aquaporins in DCT.

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19
Q

T3 and T4

A

increases BMR and temperature and necessary for child development

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20
Q

thyroid C cells secrete?

A

Calcitonin –> bone, kidney; lowers serum Ca

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21
Q

Parathyroid cells secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone PTH –> bone, kidney, SI; increase serum Ca

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22
Q

Thymus (in children)

A

thymosin for T cell development during childhood

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23
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes?

A

Epinephrine –> sympathetic response (fast)

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24
Q

adrenal cortex secretes?

A
  • Cortisol –> long term stress response, inc protein catabolism, G in blood, dec inflammation and immunity
  • Aldosterone –> increase Na reabsorption and thus water at DCT and collecting duct
  • Sex steroids/androgens: increase Na and water retention, reproductive purposes
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25
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

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26
Q

Role of Insulin

A

decreases blood G concentration and increase glycogenesis and FA synthesis

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27
Q

Role of glucagon

A

increase blood G concentration and increase glycogenolysis

28
Q

Role of somatostatin

A

Inhibits gastrin and thus HCl secretion in parietal cells in stomach

29
Q

Testosterone

A

spermatogenesis by sertoli cells

male characteristics

30
Q

Estrogen

A

female characteristics, endometrial growth

31
Q

Progesterone

A

endometrial secretion, pregnancy maintenance

32
Q

Hormone released by heart?

A

Atrial Natriuretic peptide –> acts on Kidney to release pressure

33
Q

Hormone released by Kidney?

A

Erythropoietin EPO –> bone marrow and increase RBC synthesis

34
Q

Why do you pee more when you drink?

A

ADH is inhibited and less water is reabsorbed in DCT.

35
Q

Neurohypophysis =

A

posterior pituitary gland

36
Q

Adenophysis =

A

Anterior pituitary gland

37
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

it connects the anterior pituitary gland with the hypothalamus.

38
Q

T3 and T4 synthesis

A

1) Na-K pump maintain gradient, Na-I symporter brings I in with Na gradient.
2) Iodination of Tyrosyl residues on TG: organification. The synthesis of DIT and MIT.
3) coupling of DIT + DIT = T4 and DIT + MIT = T3
4) endocytosis of the hormones with lysosomes for more protection.
5) T3 and T4 release in bloodstream and TG reused.
6) if I is removed from T4 –> rT3 and from T3 –> T2

39
Q

Physiological effects of thyroid hormones

A
  • Increased metabolic rate
  • catabolic
  • growth and development
40
Q

Calcitonin

A 
secreted from parafollicular cells (c cells) of thyroid
reduced Ca levels in blood:
--> increased Ca in bones
--> Decreased Ca absorbtion in SI
--> Increased Ca excretion in kidney
41
Q

PTH

A 
secreted from parathyroid cells
increased Ca levels in blood:
--> antagonist to thyroid cells
--> activates Vit D
--> acts on P absorption and excretion (stays balanced in blood)
42
Q

Glucocorticoid are used to treat which conditions?

A

overactive immune system - allergy, inflammation…

43
Q

Aldosterone function?

A

increase BP with increased Na resorption in Kidneys and water follows and K loss. No net increase in osmolarity (opposite to ADH).

44
Q

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone system (RAAS) mechanism?

A
  • low BP sensed by macula densa and JGS cells (afferent arteries) and latter secretion of renin
  • renin (liver) cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
  • ACE cleaves angiotensin I into angiotensin II
  • Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
  • Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of Na in DCT
45
Q

What are the cortical sex hormones?

A

Androgens and Estrogens

46
Q

Adrenal cortex is derived from which germ layer?

A

mesoderm

47
Q

Adrenal medulla is derived from which germ layer?

A

ectoderm, like the CNS and is part of the sympathetic system but secretes hormones via bloodstream

48
Q

Catecholamines

A

AA derivatives, fast and short response

Epinephrine, NE, dopamine

49
Q

Permissive effects?

A

E.g. EP not as effective w/o cortisol present

50
Q

Exocrine cells of pancreas secrete?

A

enzymes and bicarbonate

51
Q

Endocrine cells of pancreas secrete?

A

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, secretin, CCK, GIP

52
Q

Glucagon

A
  • a-cells
  • primary target is hepatocytes
  • stimulated by low G in blood, glucogenic AA (high P diet)
  • catabolic: inc GNG, inc glycogenolysis, dec lipogenesis and inc liver lipolysis esp., inc liver ketogenesis
53
Q

insulin

A

anabolic:
- decreased G from blood, stimulate AA and G take up from cells, inc glycogenesis, inc lipogenesis, inc lpl on walls and take up of CM and VLDL, inhibits ketone synthesis in liver

54
Q

somatostatins

A

inhibits insulin and glucagon, and HCl secretion in stomach

55
Q

Pineal gland secretes which hormone?

A

melatonin, governs the circadian rhythms

56
Q

Organs that act as endocrine glands

A

kidneys (EPO), GI cells (gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP), heart (ANP), thymus (T cell development), liver (IGF-I)

57
Q

Gastrin

A
  • produced at the antrum of the stomach, released by AA, peptides, parasympathetic nerves
  • inhibited by acid in SI and somatostatin
  • stimulate acid release from stomach, mobility of ileum and Large instestine
58
Q

CCK

A
  • produced in SI, stimulated by FA in SI, inhibits acid secretion in stomach, and
  • potentiate the activitity of secretin on pancreas (HCO3 release) and stimulate secretion of enzymes
  • stimulate gallbladder contraction
  • relaxes sphincter of Oddi
59
Q

Secretin

A
  • produced in SI, acid in SI, inhibits acid secretion in stomach, stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate and potentiate release of enzymes,
    liver to release bicarbonate,
60
Q

GIP

A

produced in SI, stimulated by fat and sugar in SI, stimulate insulin secretion.

61
Q

ANP mechanism

A

high P –> stretch –> pro ANP released by heart –> selective cleavage (ANP) –> adrenal (dec Aldosterone), arterial (dec BP), and renal effects (dec Renin)

62
Q

Terpenes

A

one isoprene = 5C –> 2 terpene = monoterpene
produced by plants
aromatic

63
Q

Terpenoids

A

derivative of terpene –> squalene: 6 isoprene units / triterpene, converted to CH by liver.

64
Q

Cholesterol

A

3 cyclohexane and cyclopentane
ampiphatic and major component of the bilayer
precursor of steroids

65
Q

Steroids

A 
metabolically active derivative of terpenes
function depends on oxidation of rings and functional groups, not all steroids are hormones.

Biology (7 decks)

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