Respiratory system Flashcards
State the four features of the Upper respiratory system
- Nose
- Nasal cavity
- Sinuses
- Pharynx
State the features of the Lower respiratory system
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchus
- Lungs
- Bronchioles
What is meant by a Mucosa
A membrane that secretes mucus.
State the functions of the respiratory system
- Provides oxygen to all the body tissues
- removal of carbon dioxide
- Regulates blood pH
- Defence against pathogens
- Produces sound
- Olfaction
List three functions of the upper respiratory tract
- Warms and moistens and filters the air
- Olfaction
- resonates sound q
List the three functions of the nose
- Warms, moistens and filters the air
- contains receptors for smell
- modifies speech sounds.
Define vibrassae
These are hairs at the entrance to the nose which trap large dust particles
Define conchae
These are shelf like projections from lateral wall.
They produce turbulence which allows more time to warm and moisten air.
Describe the structure of the Mucosa
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithlium with goblet cells.
- Goblet cells produce mucous to trap pathogens
- cilia waft the mucous trapped particles to the pharynx where they can be swallowed.
Describe the functions of the larynx
- Maintains an open airway
- prevents food and drink entering lower respiratory tract
- sound production.
- involved in coughing and defaecation.
Describe the order of the structures as they would be found for the Lower respiratory tract
- Trachea
- Primary bronchi
- Secondary bronchi
- Tertiary bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Tertiary Bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs
- Alveoli
Trachea structure is..
Contains 15-20 horseshoe shaped cartilages which keep the airways open.
Define bronchi
Bronchi are a series of tubes that get smaller in diameter and display other histological changes.
- the amount of cartilage decreases
- the amount of smooth muscle increases
- height of epithelial cells decrease
Describe the sructure of the Bronchioles
- No cartilage in bronchioles
- there is smooth muscle to allow constriction and dilation
- Each gives rise to 50-80 terminal bronchioles.
Describe the structure of the terminal bronchioles
- Simple columnar epithelium with cilia
- No goblet cells or mucous glands
- clara cells produce surfactant
- each gives rise to 2 more respiratory bronchioles.
What is the primary function of the Conchae
- these are shell like/ shelf like projections which create turbulence in the nasal passageway and cause warming of the air.
- Slows the movemement of the air, allowing more time for warming and moistening.
Which type of epithelium makes up the mucosal membrane?
Pseudostratified, columnar epithelium with goblet cells that secrete mucus.
State the features and functions of Mucosa
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells w
Goblet cells produce mucus
cilia waft the mucus along to the pharynx to be swallowed.
What are the functional adaptations of the nose
Rich cappillary network underlies the mucosa.
circulating blood warms the air.
olfactory mucosa
What is the function of the paranasal sinuses
These are air filled spaces that drain into the nasal cavity.
They lighten the skull and resonate sound.
State the three structural regions of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
What is the function of the Pharynx
This forms a communal passageway for the respiratory and Gastrointestinal systems.
List three functions of the Larynx
- Maintains an open airway
- Prevents food and drink entering the lower respiratory tract
- Sound production
Where anatomically is the Larynx located
At the top of the trachea.
What is the larynx made up of
A cartilaginous skeleton
Lined by membranes and moved by muscle
State the order of divisions of the lower respiratory tract
- Trachea
- Primary Bronchi
- Secondary Bronchi
- Tertiary Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Tertiary Bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs
- Alveoli
What follows the tertiary bronchioles
the respiratory bronchioles
What is the trachea made from and where does it extend from and to
- Made of 15-20 horseshoe cartilages which keep the airway open
- Extends from the larynx to the carina
Does the Trachea ever close
No the trachea never closes!!
The 15-20 horse shoe cartilage rings keep the airway open.
State the three trends in histological changes observed in the bronchi
1) Amount of cartilage decreases
2) Amount of smooth muscle increases
3) Height of the epithelial cells decrease.
4) diameter decreases, tubes get narrower.
State the structural features of the Primary Bronchi
- supply each lung
- c shaped cartilages
- right bronchi is wider and more vertical than the left
State the structural features of the Secondary Bronchi
- Supply lobes of the lung, 3 on the right, 2 on the left
- Plates of cartialage.
State the divisions/ strucure of the tertiary bronchi
- Supply segments of the lungs
- 10 supplied by right, 8 on the left
- plates of cartialge
Which type of epithelium lines the bronchus?
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
Bronciole structure? how does it differ to bronchi structure
- contains no cartilage
- smooth muscle for constriction and dilation
- each gives rise to terminal bronchioles.
What is the type of epithelium found in bronchioles
- simple colmunar epithelium with cilia
Describe the structure of the bronchioles
- Simple columnar epithelia with cilia
- no goblet cells of mucous cells
- clara cells produce surfactant
- each gives rise to 2 or more respiratory bronchioles.
Describe the structure of the respiratory bronchioles
- Simple cuboidal epithelia
- Clara cells produce surfactant
- No cilia
- alveoli extend from the lumen, therefore gaseous exchange occurs here.
Describe the structure of the alveoli
Type 1 alveolar cell
How is the respiratory tract organised
- organised according to function
- according to conductive and respiratory portions.
- conductive portion filters, warms and softens the air.
What is the function of the conductive region of the respiratory tract
- warms, softens and filters the air
- conducts the air into the lungs
What is the function of the respiratory portion of the tract
Conerned with gaseous exchange,
Which structures fall into the conductive portion of the tract
nose pharynx larynx paranasal sinuses trachea primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles
Which anatomical structures fall into the respiratory portion of the tract?
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs
- Alveoli
