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BIOL10811 Body Systems > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

State the four features of the Upper respiratory system

A
  • Nose
  • Nasal cavity
  • Sinuses
  • Pharynx
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2
Q

State the features of the Lower respiratory system

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchus
  • Lungs
  • Bronchioles
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3
Q

What is meant by a Mucosa

A

A membrane that secretes mucus.

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4
Q

State the functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Provides oxygen to all the body tissues
  • removal of carbon dioxide
  • Regulates blood pH
  • Defence against pathogens
  • Produces sound
  • Olfaction
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5
Q

List three functions of the upper respiratory tract

A
  • Warms and moistens and filters the air
  • Olfaction
  • resonates sound q
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6
Q

List the three functions of the nose

A
  • Warms, moistens and filters the air
  • contains receptors for smell
  • modifies speech sounds.
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7
Q

Define vibrassae

A

These are hairs at the entrance to the nose which trap large dust particles

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8
Q

Define conchae

A

These are shelf like projections from lateral wall.

They produce turbulence which allows more time to warm and moisten air.

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the Mucosa

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithlium with goblet cells.

  • Goblet cells produce mucous to trap pathogens
  • cilia waft the mucous trapped particles to the pharynx where they can be swallowed.
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10
Q

Describe the functions of the larynx

A
  • Maintains an open airway
  • prevents food and drink entering lower respiratory tract
  • sound production.
  • involved in coughing and defaecation.
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11
Q

Describe the order of the structures as they would be found for the Lower respiratory tract

A
  • Trachea
  • Primary bronchi
  • Secondary bronchi
  • Tertiary bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Tertiary Bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli
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12
Q

Trachea structure is..

A

Contains 15-20 horseshoe shaped cartilages which keep the airways open.

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13
Q

Define bronchi

A

Bronchi are a series of tubes that get smaller in diameter and display other histological changes.

  • the amount of cartilage decreases
  • the amount of smooth muscle increases
  • height of epithelial cells decrease
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14
Q

Describe the sructure of the Bronchioles

A
  • No cartilage in bronchioles
  • there is smooth muscle to allow constriction and dilation
  • Each gives rise to 50-80 terminal bronchioles.
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15
Q

Describe the structure of the terminal bronchioles

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium with cilia
  • No goblet cells or mucous glands
  • clara cells produce surfactant
  • each gives rise to 2 more respiratory bronchioles.
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16
Q

What is the primary function of the Conchae

A
  • these are shell like/ shelf like projections which create turbulence in the nasal passageway and cause warming of the air.
  • Slows the movemement of the air, allowing more time for warming and moistening.
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17
Q

Which type of epithelium makes up the mucosal membrane?

A

Pseudostratified, columnar epithelium with goblet cells that secrete mucus.

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18
Q

State the features and functions of Mucosa

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells w
Goblet cells produce mucus
cilia waft the mucus along to the pharynx to be swallowed.

19
Q

What are the functional adaptations of the nose

A

Rich cappillary network underlies the mucosa.
circulating blood warms the air.
olfactory mucosa

20
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses

A

These are air filled spaces that drain into the nasal cavity.
They lighten the skull and resonate sound.

21
Q

State the three structural regions of the Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

22
Q

What is the function of the Pharynx

A

This forms a communal passageway for the respiratory and Gastrointestinal systems.

23
Q

List three functions of the Larynx

A
  • Maintains an open airway
  • Prevents food and drink entering the lower respiratory tract
  • Sound production
24
Q

Where anatomically is the Larynx located

A

At the top of the trachea.

25
Q

What is the larynx made up of

A

A cartilaginous skeleton

Lined by membranes and moved by muscle

26
Q

State the order of divisions of the lower respiratory tract

A
  • Trachea
  • Primary Bronchi
  • Secondary Bronchi
  • Tertiary Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Tertiary Bronchioles
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli
27
Q

What follows the tertiary bronchioles

A

the respiratory bronchioles

28
Q

What is the trachea made from and where does it extend from and to

A
  • Made of 15-20 horseshoe cartilages which keep the airway open
  • Extends from the larynx to the carina
29
Q

Does the Trachea ever close

A

No the trachea never closes!!

The 15-20 horse shoe cartilage rings keep the airway open.

30
Q

State the three trends in histological changes observed in the bronchi

A

1) Amount of cartilage decreases
2) Amount of smooth muscle increases
3) Height of the epithelial cells decrease.
4) diameter decreases, tubes get narrower.

31
Q

State the structural features of the Primary Bronchi

A
  • supply each lung
  • c shaped cartilages
  • right bronchi is wider and more vertical than the left
32
Q

State the structural features of the Secondary Bronchi

A
  • Supply lobes of the lung, 3 on the right, 2 on the left

- Plates of cartialage.

33
Q

State the divisions/ strucure of the tertiary bronchi

A
  • Supply segments of the lungs
  • 10 supplied by right, 8 on the left
  • plates of cartialge
34
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the bronchus?

A
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells.
35
Q

Bronciole structure? how does it differ to bronchi structure

A
  • contains no cartilage
  • smooth muscle for constriction and dilation
  • each gives rise to terminal bronchioles.
36
Q

What is the type of epithelium found in bronchioles

A
  • simple colmunar epithelium with cilia
37
Q

Describe the structure of the bronchioles

A
  • Simple columnar epithelia with cilia
  • no goblet cells of mucous cells
  • clara cells produce surfactant
  • each gives rise to 2 or more respiratory bronchioles.
38
Q

Describe the structure of the respiratory bronchioles

A
  • Simple cuboidal epithelia
  • Clara cells produce surfactant
  • No cilia
  • alveoli extend from the lumen, therefore gaseous exchange occurs here.
39
Q

Describe the structure of the alveoli

A

Type 1 alveolar cell

40
Q

How is the respiratory tract organised

A
  • organised according to function
  • according to conductive and respiratory portions.
  • conductive portion filters, warms and softens the air.
41
Q

What is the function of the conductive region of the respiratory tract

A
  • warms, softens and filters the air

- conducts the air into the lungs

42
Q

What is the function of the respiratory portion of the tract

A

Conerned with gaseous exchange,

43
Q

Which structures fall into the conductive portion of the tract

A 
nose 
pharynx
larynx
paranasal sinuses 
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi 
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
44
Q

Which anatomical structures fall into the respiratory portion of the tract?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Alveolar sacs
  • Alveoli

BIOL10811 Body Systems (10 decks)

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