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BIOL10811 Body Systems > Lecture 7 Anatomy of the Heart > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Anatomy of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of the heart

A

Cone shaped muscular pump

Located in the thorax between the lungs.

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2
Q

Which ribs protect the heart

A

ribs 2-5

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3
Q

Which structure protects the heart

A

The rib cage

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4
Q

In relation to the rib cage, where can the apex of the heart be found

A

In the 5th intercostal space, in the midclavicular line.

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5
Q

Describe the structure of the fibrous pericardium

A
  • An inelastic sac/bag of dense connective tissue.
  • FP fuses interiorly with the diaphragm and superiorly with the great vessels (aorta etc that project out of top of heart)
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6
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium

A

function of this big bag/sac like structure is to prevent over filling of the heart, and to anchor it into its position so it doesnt get loose in the body!

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7
Q

Describe the structure of the serous pericardium

A

This is a double membrane located underneath the fibrous pericardium.
It contains both parietal and visceral sections.

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8
Q

Describe the location of the heart

A
  • located in thorax, between the two lungs
  • protected by the ribs
  • lies behind the sternum
  • between ribs 2-5 (left of midline)
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9
Q

Where is the apex (bottom) of the heart found

A

Apex lies in the midclavicular line and is found in the 5th intercostal space,

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10
Q

What does pericardium mean

A

Around the heart

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11
Q

What is the serous pericardium

A

It is a double layered serous membrane that lies deep to the fibrous pericardium. Contains visceral and parietal portions.

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12
Q

What are the names of the 4 valves, and which chambers do they exist between

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid valve are the AV valves.

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13
Q

What is the name of the left AV valve

A

The bicuspid valve (mitral valve

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14
Q

What is the name of the right AV valve

A

The tricuspid valve

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15
Q

What is the name of the valve that connects the left right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk

A

The pulmonary semi lunar valve

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16
Q

What is the name of the valve that connects the left ventricle to the aorta

A

Aortic semi lunar valve

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17
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart, and what is its function

A

Bands of fibrous tissue that separate the atria and ventricles from each other electrially. Fibrous skeleton represents area of non contractile tissue.

18
Q

Where would you find fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

Bands of fibrous tissue encircle the pulmonary artery and the aorta, AV valves and semi lunar valves.

19
Q

Which valves are anchored by the chordae tendinae

A

The tricupsid and biscupid valves.

20
Q

What is the role of the chordae tendinae

A

They anchor the bicuspid and tricuspid valves to the papillary muscles.

21
Q

What causes the AV valves to open

A

• AV valves are anchored to papillary muscles by chordae tendinae
• AV valve will open when the atrial pressure exceeds the ventricular valve
This pressure difference occurs when blood has filled into atria from superior and inferior VC

22
Q

What causes the AV valves to close

A

• AV valves will close when the ventricular pressure exceeds the atrial pressure
The contraction of papillary muscles prevents eversion of AV valves and prevents blood flowing back.

23
Q

What is the role of the papillary muscles

A

These muscles prevent eversion of the AV valves, and hence prevents backflow of blood into the atria.

NB the papillary muscles have no role in opening of the AV valves.

24
Q

Cardiac veins of the coronary circulation empty into which vessels/chambers of the heart.

A

Cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus first.This empties into the right atrium.

25
Q

How much blood does the heart recieve per minute

A

The heart recieves 250 ml of blood per minute.

26
Q

During which phase of the cardiac cycle is blood delivered to the heart

A

Blood is delivered to the myocardium during ventricular relaxation.

27
Q

What is an angiography

A

A medical imaging technique used to examine how open or closed the blood vessels are, if there is any restriction to the flow of blood.

28
Q

Describe the conducting system of the heart

A
  • f(x) to coordinate heart contraction
    • Consists of non contractile cells that initiate electrical impulses
    • SA node is located in the right atrium
    • AV node is located in the
    • AV bundle (bundle of his)
    • Right and left bundle branches
    • Purkinje fibers
29
Q

What is an ECG trace used for

A

ECG trace records the electrical activity of the heart.

30
Q

Describe three shortcuts of the fetal circulation

A

ductus venosus takes blood from umbilical vein to inferior VC.
Foramen ovale is

31
Q

Which vessel carries blood from the placenta to the ductus venosus

A

The umbilical vein

32
Q

What is the foramen ovale, what does it allow

A

Foramen ovale allows blood to bypass the lungs. It is a small hole in the wall of the heart - septum, that allows blood to flow directly from the right atria to the left atria.

33
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus

A

This is a vessel that allows the blood to bypass the lungs. It is a vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta.

34
Q

What is the ductus venosus

A

Ductus venosus connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava.

35
Q

Summarize the changes at birth in the fetal circulation when a newborn takes its first breath

A

1) Ductus venosum forms the ligamentum venosum
2) Foramen ovale closes to become Fossa ovalis
3) Umbilical cord it ties to produce ductoses fibroses.
4) Constriction of the ductus arteriosus to form the liagamentum arteriosum

36
Q

Which structures are involved in allowing blood to bypass the lungs

A

The foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus.

37
Q

Explain what happens for constriction of the ductus arteriosus

A
  • Lungs expand
  • blood rushes into the pulmonary circulation
  • Oxygen levels rise
  • Ductus arteriosus is constricted.
38
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium

A

• An inelastic sac of dense connective tissue
Fuses interiorly with the diaphragm and superiorly with the great vessels
F(x) is to prevents over filling of the heart and anchors it into position

39
Q

If the diaphragm moves, the heart will also move. True or false

A

True, because the heart is encased in a dense inelastic sac of connective tissue, called the fibrous pericardium. Fibrous pericardium is fused with the diaphragm.

40
Q

Describe the layers of the heart wall

A

• Endocardium is the inner most layer
• Myocardium is the middle layer made up of cardiac muscle tissue
Epicardium is the outer layer made of visceral pericardium

41
Q

Which layer of the heart wall is the thickest q

A

The myocardium, muscle layer. Also known as the tunica media.

42
Q

Describe and explain the structure of the serous pericardium

A

• Parietal pericardium lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
• The Visceral pericardium (epicardium) adheres tightly to the surface of the heart.
• The pericardial cavity is the space that forms between the parietal and visceral layers which contains tissue fluid.
f(x) of the serous pericardium is to prevent friction.

BIOL10811 Body Systems (10 decks)

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