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Clinical pathology > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Conduction portion

A 
External nares - nasal cavities
• Paranasal sinuses
• Nasopharynx and oropharynx
• Trachea - bronchi
• Bronchioli
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2
Q

GAS EXCHANGE PORTION

A

Alveoli

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3
Q

Alveoli surround by

A

Capillary network

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4
Q

Defence mechanisms

A
  1. Air purifying mechanisms
    -physical
    -mucociliary clearance
  2. Immune mechanisms
    -cellular mechanisms
    *alveolar
    *BALT
    -humoral mechanism
    3, Cough/sneeze
    -remove pathogens from the airways
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5
Q

Physical air purifying mechanisms

A 
Nasal hairs
- important in large animals
-trap big particles
Turbinates
-anythings coming inside the nasal cavity has to twist and turn
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6
Q

Mucociliary clearance

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)

  • cilia covered by two-layered film
  • lower layer fluid thin mucous layer
  • upper layer viscous mucus layer
  • the cilia move coordinatately tovards pharynx so things trapped in mucus will be brought there to be coughed or swallowed
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7
Q

Mucociliary clearance /size of trapped particles

A

Nasopharynx:
- particles >5um
Tracheobronchial tree:
-particles 1-5 um

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8
Q

Alveolar cellular immune mechanisms

A

Phagocytosis of particles (smaller than 1 um) reaching the alveoli via

  • alveolar macrophages (“dust cells”)
  • neutrophils from the circulating pool
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9
Q

BALT cellular immune mechanisms

A

Lymphoid tissue in the submucosa of the bronchi. The area where antibodies to the inhaled antigens are produced.

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10
Q

What happens with asbestos?

A

It is phagocytosed but cannot be lysed so phagocytes with asbestos get trapped to alveoli -> elasticity and space of lungs decrease -> disease.

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11
Q

Humoral defence in RS

A

Is present in the fluid on the alveolar surface and is made by type II cells.

  • lactoferrin
  • lyzosome
  • interferon
  • surfactant
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12
Q

Lactoferrin

A

Interferes with microbial iron metabolism

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13
Q

Lysosome

A

General antimicrobial activity

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14
Q

Interferon

A

Can enchance non-immune resistance

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15
Q

Surfactant

A

Non-immune opsonization of gram+ bacteria

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16
Q

Inhaled bacteria

A

Trapped by mucus -> swept toward the pharynx and swallowed

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17
Q

Bacteria which penetrate the mucous layer

A

Antimicrobial peptides that are secreted by the surface epithelium
Those that are resistant to antimicrobial peptides are killed by
phagocytes.

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18
Q

Last resort of bacterial defense

A

BALT

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19
Q

Cough

A

Sudden reflex which helps to remove foreign particles, irritants, pathogens and alike from large breathing pathways. Either voluntary or involuntary.

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20
Q

Cough phases

A

-an inhalation,
-a forced exhalation against a closed glottis
-a violent release of air from the lungs following opening
of the glottis, usually accompanied by a distinctive sound

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21
Q

What happens in lungs prior to cough?

A

Irritation, inspration, compression and raised air pressure, expulsion of air when glottis opens

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22
Q

Cough mechanism

A

1st: cough receptor is irrigated
2nd: cough centre in the brain stem receives input
3rd: signal is sent to respiratory and laryngeal muscles

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23
Q

Cough receptor locations

A
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Tracheobroncial tree and pleura
  • Stomach
  • Ear duct
  • Nose
  • Pericardium
  • Diaphragm
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24
Q

Causes of cough

A 
• Irritation of receptor:
• Tracheobronchitis
• Pneumonias
• Lung tumours
• Foreign body
• Heart enlargement, etc
OR
• Psychogenic
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25
Q

Cough effects

A

Exhaustion
• Anorexia
• Cough induced vomiting
• Urinary incontinence

Coughing Syncope
• Increased in intrathoracic pressure
• Increased intracranial pressure

26
Q

Cough. Types

A

DRY or unproductive
• does not produce any mucus
• It should be stopped

WET (MOIST) Productive
• It must not be stopped

27
Q

Breathing alterations

A 
Type
Rate 
Depth
Intensity
Lenght
Rhythm
28
Q

Rate alterations

A

Tachypnea, brachypnea

29
Q

Tachypnea

A

Abnormally rapid breathing. Causes include respiratory centre stimulation(CNS trauma, inflammation, anemia) and thoracic pain.

30
Q

brachypnea

A

Abnormally slow breathing. Causes include respiratory centre depression and airway obstruction.

31
Q

Type alterations

A 
Abdominal breathing (diaphragmatic):
- most effort done by abdominal muscles

Costal breathing:
-respiration done by intercostal muscles which move the ribs

32
Q

Normal breathing types per species

A

Carnivores: costal
Equines: costo-diaphragmatic breathing
Cattle: abdominal

33
Q

Abnormal costal breathing is caused by

A

Mechanical obstruction of the diaphragm (gastric dilation, pregnancy)
Reflex inhibition of diaphragm (peritoneal disorders)

34
Q

Abnormal diaphragmatic breathing is caused by

A

Pain
Intercostal paralysis
Rib fractures

35
Q

Depth alterations

A

Amplitude of its breathing movement either

  • increased (deep breathing)
  • decreased (shallow breathing)
36
Q

Abnormally deep breathing

A

The amount of air enters in the lungs per respiratory effort. Cause: partial obstruction.

37
Q

Abnormally shallow breathing

A

Costal or pleural pain

38
Q

Intensity alterations

A

Laboured breathing or weak breathing

39
Q

Laboured breathing

A

Prolonged and deep

40
Q

Weak breathing

A

Shallow and rapid

41
Q

Lenght alterations

A

Rapid or prolonged

42
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Tachycpnoic and deep (respiratory compensation)

43
Q

Respiratory rhythm

A

Cycle of inspiration and expiration, normally inspiration is shorter than expiration.

44
Q

Dog respiratory rhythm

A

1:1,6

45
Q

Cow respiratory rhythm

A

1:1,2

46
Q

Equine respiratory rhythm

A

1:1,8

47
Q

Normal time between inspiration and expiration

A

0,2-1,5 s

48
Q

Inspiration

A

Shorter, uniform, active

49
Q

Expiration

A

Bi-phasic (1st abrupt), passive

50
Q

Normal inspiration exhalation rate

A

5/6

51
Q

Dyspnea

A

Any breathing difficulty

a clinical sign

52
Q

Dyspnea is characterised by

A

Orthopnoeic position

  • standing
  • extended head and neck
  • forelegs wide open
  • opened nostrils
  • abdominal breathing (horses and dogs)

Respiratory alteration

  • frequency
  • rhythm
  • type
53
Q

Dyspnea aetiology

A

Respiratory

  • foreign body
  • infections
  • bronchitis

Circulatory

  • heart failure
  • gastric dilation
54
Q

Dyspnea aetiology

A

Respiratory

  • foreign body
  • infections
  • bronchitis

Circulatory

  • heart failure
  • gastric dilation

Blood related
-anemia

Neurological

  • pain
  • brain trauma
55
Q

Dyspnea can be classified by

A

When it happens and respiratory phase

56
Q

Dyspnea types by when it happens?

A 
Exertional dyspnea (after exercise)
Resting dyspnea
57
Q

Dyspnea types by respiratory phase

A

Inspiratory, expiratory, mixed

58
Q

Inspiratory dyspnea etiology

A

Obstacle cranial to the intrathoracic trachea (in the upper airways)

  • foreign body
  • tumor
  • laryngeal hemiplegia
  • soft palate elongation
59
Q

Characteristics of inspiratory dyspnea

A

Prolonged and deep inspiration (laboured breathing)
Increased respiratory sounds (wheezes, snores…)
Nostril dilation

60
Q

Expiratory dyspnea

A

Problems of getting air out. Causes: bronchial problem, intrathoracic trachea

61
Q

Characteristics of expiratory dyspnea

A

Abdominal respiration
Reinforced and prolonged respiration
Heaves line in horses

62
Q

Mixed dyspnea

A

Problems of getting air in AND out. Causes: any problems that reduces lung field such as

  • pneumonia
  • oedema
  • pleural disease

Clinical pathology (8 decks)

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