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Clinical pathology > Digestive system II > Flashcards

Digestive system II Flashcards

1
Q

esophagus sphincters

A

proximal (pharingo-esophageal) UES

distal (gastro-esophagic) LES

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2
Q

esophagic muscle

A

dogs: striated

cats and horses: smooth

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3
Q

deglutition

A 
relax UES
primary peristaltic wave
peristaltism secondary to lumen distension
relax LES
cud passes to stomach
both sphincters close
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4
Q

esophagic antiperistaltism

A

belch/burp in bovines

vomit

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5
Q

signs of esophagic pathology

A 
dysphagia (difficulty)
odynophagia (pain)
repeated attempts to swallow
ptyalism/sialorrhea
cough
regurgitation
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6
Q

differences between vomit and regurgitation

A

vomit active, rg passive
vomit abdominal contraction, rg no contractions
vomit just or hs after eating, rg hours after eating
vomit digested and acidic, rg non-digested and alkaline
pain only in rg esophagitis

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7
Q

painful esophagus disorders

A 
esophagitis
esophagic stenosis
gastroesophageal reflux
neoplasia
foreign bodies
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8
Q

non-painful esophagus disorders

A

megaesophagus
esophageal diverticulum
esophageal fistula

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9
Q

gastroesophageal reflux etiology

A

les disorders
brachy breeds
hernias
gastric emptying disorders

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10
Q

common neoplasias of esophagus

A

leiomyoma
carcinoma
sarcoma

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11
Q

the most common cause of regurgitation in dogs

A

megaesophagus

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12
Q

megaesophagus etiology

A 
congenital idiopathic
acquired idiopathic
- sensory innervation defect
-muscular disorders
acquired secondary: myasthenia gravis
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13
Q

esophagic diverticulum signs

A

regurgitation
odynophagia
retching

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14
Q

signs of gastric dysfunction

A

abdominal pain

vomit

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15
Q

retch

A

rhythmical inspirations with closed glottis
neg intrathoracic pressure
positive intra-abdominal pressure
inhibition of peristaltism of proximal gi tract
cardia and LES dilation
retrograde contraction of small bowel and pylorus

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16
Q

non-cns vomit centers stimulated by

A 
kidney
uterus
liver 
pancreas
duodenum
17
Q

cns vomit centers stimulated via

A 
emetic substances
hydrocephalus
vestibular centre
acute pain
psychoogical reasons
18
Q

vomit leads to

A

fluid loss:

  • hypovolemia
  • DH

electrolyte disturbances:

  • hypochloremia
  • hypocalemia

proton loss:
-metabolic alkalosis

aspiration pneumonia
reflux esophagitis

19
Q

gastric disorders in monogastrics

A 
gastritis
ulcers
neoplasia
foreign body
gastric retention
gastric torsion
20
Q

acute gastritis etiology in monogastrics

A 
nutritional
coprofagia
NSAIs
chemicals
foreign bodies
infections of other systems
21
Q

chronic gastritis etiology in monogastrics

A 
long term irritation
chronic irritation due to foreign bodies
viral
allergy
chemicals
nephro- or hepatopathy
22
Q

gastric disorder signs in monogastrics

A 
abdominal pain
vomit
appetite loss
diarrhea
pale or yellow mucosa
sialorrhea
23
Q

gastric ulcer producing factors in monogastrics

A 
NSAIs
corticoids 
stress
foreign bodies
mastocytosis
24
Q

gastric ulcer signs in monogastrics

A 
hematemesis
gastric bleeding
pale mucosa melena
anemia
pain
weight loss
perforation leads to death
25
Q

malign gastric neoplasia in monogastrics

A

adenocarcinoma and lymphosarcoma

26
Q

benign gastric neoplasia in monogastrics

A

leiomyoma, polyps

27
Q

cat bezoars usually

A

trichobezoars

28
Q

large animal bezoars usually

A

fytobezoars

29
Q

gastric retention

A

impaired gastric emptying in normal time

30
Q

gastric retention etiology in monogastrics

A

hypomotility

physical obstruction in pylorus

31
Q

gastric retention signs in monogastrics

A

ejection vomit (digested, long after eating)

32
Q

volvulus

A

gastric dilation/torsion

33
Q

what happens in volvulus

A

excessive food intake or food fermentation cause stomach to displace and rotate (90-270 dec).
the rotation obstructs blood flow and can lead to necrosis

34
Q

what causes volvulus in dogs

A

large/giant deep-chested breeds are in risk especially if they eat only 1 a day or drink to much after eating or excercise after eating

35
Q

what are causes of volvulus in equines

A

high amount of fiber and grain in diet and empty swallowing

36
Q

signs of volvulus

A 
abdominal enlargement
non-productive vomiting
retching
ptyalism
respiratory impairment and tachycardia
weak pulse
37
Q

volvulus leads to

A

arrythmia
vascular collapse
electrolyte imbalance

Clinical pathology (8 decks)

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