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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- Purpose

A

move air into & out of the lungs

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2
Q

Divisions

A
  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Lower respiratory tract
  • Also included are the pleural membranes, diaphragm & intercostal muscles
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3
Q

Nasal Cavity

A
  • separated by the nasal septum
  • nasal mucosa is ciliated epithelium
  • the surface area is increased by the conchae

-warms & moistens the air
dust & microorganisms are trapped by the mucus

-swept by the cilia to the pharnyx

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4
Q

Nose

A
  • made of bone & cartilage
  • covered with skin
  • hair inside the nostrils block the entry of dust
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5
Q

Olefactory

A
  • chemoreceptors

- respond to vapors

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6
Q

Paranasal

A
  • (4) sinuses
  • open into the nasal cavities
  • lighten the skull & add resonance for the voice
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7
Q

Nasopharnyx

A
  • superior to the soft palate
  • a passageway for air only
  • eustachen tubes open into it
  • adenoid (lymph nodule) on the posterior wall
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8
Q

Oropharnyx

A
  • behind the mouth
  • passageway for food & air
  • palatyne tonsils (lymph nodules) on the lateral walls
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9
Q

Laryngopharnyx

A
  • opens anteriorly into the larynx & posteriorly to the esophagus
  • passageway for food & air
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10
Q

LARYNX

A
  • The voice box & the airway between the pharnyx & the trachea
  • made of cartilage (9), thyroid cartilage is the largest & most anterior
  • Vocal cords
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11
Q

Epiglottis

A

is the uppermost cartilage; covers the larynx during swallowing

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12
Q

Vocal cords

A
  • lateral to the glottis(opening for air)
  • during speaking , pulled across the glottis & vibrated by the exhaled air, producing sound
  • the cranial nerves responsible are vagus & accessory
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13
Q

TRACHEA

A
  • Extends from the larnyx to the primary bronchi
  • 16 – 20 “C” shaped cartilages on the trachea wall to keep it open
  • Mucosa is ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
  • cilia sweep the mucus upward to the pharnyx
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14
Q

BRONCHIAL TREE

A
  • Extends from the trachea to the alveoli
  • Primary bronchi
  • Secondary bronchi go to the lobes of each lung
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15
Q

Primary bronchi

A

(Rt & Lt) are branches of the trachea

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16
Q

Secondary bronchi

A
  • Left lung has 2 lobes

- Right lung has 3 lobes

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17
Q

Bronchioles have no _____ in their walls

A

cartilage

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18
Q

ALVEOLI

A

the sites of gas exchange in the lungs

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19
Q

the alveoli is ___ tissue

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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20
Q

the alveoli is surrounded by ____

A

pulmonary capillaries

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21
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A

between alveoli (important for expiration)

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22
Q

A thin layer of tissue fluid in each alveolus is important for

A

diffusion of gases

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23
Q

Cell function in alveolus

A

produce surfactant that mixes with the tissue fluid decreases surface tension & allows the alveoli to inflate

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24
Q

Macrophages

A

phagocytize foreign material

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25
The lungs are __ to the heart
lateral
26
the lungs __ from clavicle to the ___
extend, diaphragm
27
the lungs are protected by the
ribs
28
Hilus
an indentation on the medial side
29
Left lung has ___ lobes
two
30
Right lung has ___ lobes
three
31
PLEURAL MEMBRANES
- Parietal pleura | - Visceral pleura
32
Parietal pleura
lines the chest wall
33
Visceral pleura
covers the lungs
34
MECHANISM of BREATHING
- Ventilation - Two aspects – inhalation & expiration - Controlled by the nervous system & muscular system - Atmospheric pressure - Intrapleural pressure - Intrapulmonic pressure
35
where in the nervous sys is breathing controlled
medulla | pons
36
where in the muscular sys is breathing controlled
diaphragm | intercostal muscles
37
Atmospheric pressure
- air pressure at sea level | - 760mm Hg at sea level
38
Intrapleural pressure
within the potential pleural space; below atmospheric (negative pressure)
39
Intrapulmonic pressure
pressure within the bronchial tree & alveoli
40
INHALATION (inspiration)
- Motor impulses from the medulla - Impulses sent along intercostal nerves - Chest cavity is expanded - Visceral pleural adheres to the parietal pleura - Intrapulmonic pressure decreases
41
Motor impulses from the medulla pathway
- along phrenic nerve to the diaphragm | - diaphragm contracts & moves down;
42
Chest cavity is expanded & expands
parietal pleura
43
Visceral pleural adheres to the parietal pleura & expands
lungs
44
When Intrapulmonic pressure decreases air rushes
into the lungs
45
EXHALATION (expiration)
- Motor impulses from the medulla decrease - The chest cavity becomes smaller - The lungs recoil - Intrapulmonic pressure increases - Normal exhalation is passive
46
Motor impulses from the medulla decrease causing
the diaphragm & intercostal muscles to relax
47
The chest cavity becomes smaller and compresses the
lungs
48
The lungs recoil & further compress
the alveoli
49
Intrapulmonic pressure increases causing
air to be forced out of lungs
50
DEFINE PULMONARY VOLUMES
-The capacity of the lungs varies with the size & age of the person
51
PULMONARY VOLUMES TYPES
- Tidal volume - Minute respiratory volume - Inspiratory reserve - Expiratory reserve - Vital capacity - Residual air
52
Tidal volume
the amount of air involved in one normal inhalation & exhalation
53
Minute respiratory volume
the amount of air inhaled & exhaled in 1 minute
54
Inspiratory reserve
the amount of air beyond tidal volume that can be taken in with the deepest possible inhalation
55
Expiratory reserve
the amount of air, beyond tidal volume, that can be expelled with the most forceful exhalation
56
Vital capacity
the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve & expiratory reserve
57
Residual air
the amount of air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful exhalation (ensures that there is air in the lungs at all times)
58
Respiratory centres are in the
medulla & pons
59
The inspiration centre generates
(automatically) | impulses in rhythmic spurts; result inspiration
60
As the lungs stretch (fill) impulses
depress the inspiration centre (Hering-Breuer inflation reflex)
61
As the inspiration centre is depressed there is a
decrease in impulses to the respiratory muscles & they relax; result expiration
62
Reflexes
coughing; sneezing; hiccups
63
What response increases respiration
Decreased O2 detected by the chemoreceptors in the carotid & aortic body;
64
what causes increased respiration to exhale CO2
Increased blood CO2 detected by the chemoreceptors in the medulla
65
CO2 is the major regulator of
Respiration
66
Respiratory acidosis
occurs when the rate or efficiency of respiration decreases -permitting CO2 to accumulate in body fluids
67
Respiratory alkalosis
occurs when the rate of respiration increases & CO2 is very rapidly exhaled
68
Respiratory compensation
a change in pH stimulates a change in respiration
69
Metabolic alkalosis
-a condition in which the blood pH is higher than normal
70
What causes Metabolic alkalosis
by a disorder that decreases the number of acidic molecules or increases the number of alkaline molecules
71
Metabolic acidosis
– a condition in which the blood pH is lower than normal
72
What causes Metabolic acidosis
by a disorder that increases the % of acidic molecules in the body, (diabetes, kidney disease)
73
AFFECTS OF AGING
- Respiratory function will diminish but remains adequate - Respiratory muscles weaken - Decreased ventilation & lung capacity - Cilia deteriorate - Alveolar macrophages are not as efficient as they once were - Chronic alveolar hypoxia may lead to pulmonary hypertension
74
Bellow Breathing Exercise
- Lungs become stronger - Brain gets more oxygen - Improved energy throughout day - Used during times of fatigue - Recreates the adrenal stimulation that occurs with stress and results in the release of energizing chemicals such as epinephrine

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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