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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Primary FUNCTION of the HEART

A

-PUMPS BLOOD through the Arteries, Capillaries & Veins.

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2
Q

Where is the heart located

A

-thoracic cavity between the lungs, (mediastinum)

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3
Q

What is the heart enclosed in

A

pericardial membranes:

  • fibrous pericardium
  • parietal pericardium
  • Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
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4
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

outermost layer

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5
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

middle layer

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6
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

(epicardium)

surface of heart

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7
Q

Many present in cardiac muscle cells

A

Mitochondria

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8
Q

Cardiac cells

A

generate own action potentials

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9
Q

Cardiac cells do not require..

A

nerve impulse to contract

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10
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

-facilitate direct contact between the cardiac cell

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11
Q

Folds increase surface area in the intercalated discs to..

A

allow for rapid transmission of action potential from cell to cell

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12
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A
  • produced by walls of atria during atrial stretch

- in cardiac muscle tissue

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13
Q

What is ANPs protective function

A

works against high blood volume and high BP

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14
Q

3 main functions of ANP

A

1- Decreases reabsorption of sodium by kidneys- increases elimination of sodium and water
2- Stimulates vasodilation- helps lower BP
3- targets adipose tissue- conversion of white adipocytes to brown

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15
Q

Layers of the Heart

A
  • Myocardium

- Endocardium

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16
Q

Myocardium

A

thick; cardiac muscle that makes up the chambers

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17
Q

Endocardium

A

-simple squamous epithelium that lines the chambers
covers the valves

-smooth to prevent abnormal clotting

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18
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

-4

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19
Q

What atrias RECEIVE blood?

A

Right & left atria,(separated by the interatrial septum);

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20
Q

What ventricles PUMP blood?

A

Left & right ventricles, (separated by the interventricular septum);

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21
Q

Rt ventricle

A

pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

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22
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

the pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backflow from - pulmonary artery TO the Rt ventricle when the ventricle relaxes

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23
Q

Lt ventricle

A

pumps blood to the body through the aorta

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24
Q

Aorta

A

the aorta semilunar valve prevents backflow from the aorta to the Lt ventricle when the ventricle relaxes

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25
Q

Main purpose of all VALVES

A

prevent backflow of blood

26
Q

4 types of valves

A

1) Tricuspid
2) Mitral/Bicuspid
3) Pulmonary Semilunar
4) Aortic Semilunar

27
Q

Blood flow for Tricuspid Valve

A

Right atrium to Right Ventricle

28
Q

Blood flow for Mitral/Bicuspid Valve

A

Left atrium to Left Ventricle

29
Q

Blood flow for Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

A

Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Artery

30
Q

Blood flow for Aortic Semilunar Valve

A

Left Ventricle to Aorta

31
Q

What can obstruction of a coronary vessel cause

A

it will cause the myocardium to become ischemic

32
Q

What is the purpose of coronary vessels

A

to supply blood to the myocardium

33
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

The sequence of events in one heartbeat

34
Q

The heart is a

A

double pump; both sides work simultaneously

35
Q

The Atria receives blood

A

from the veins, the pressure increases; the AV valves open; blood flows into the ventricle(2/3 passive, 1/3 the atrium contracts); the atria relax

36
Q

When the Ventricals contract..

A

AV valves close; aortic & semilunar valves open, blood is pumped into the arteries; the ventricles relax

37
Q

Most blood flows passively from the atria to the

A

ventricles

38
Q

ALL blood to the ARTERIES is

A

actively pumped by the ventricles.

39
Q

heart sounds- 1ST sound created by

A

the closure of the AVvalves during ventricular systole (contraction) “lub”

40
Q

heart sounds- 2nd sound created by

A

closure of the aortic & pulmonary semilunar valves “dub”

41
Q

Define Heart murmur

A

improper closing of a valve

42
Q

SA node – (sinoatrial node)`

A

the pacemaker of the heart; contracts/depoloarizes 60-80 x minute, which initiates each heartbeat

43
Q

The AV node transmits the impulses..?

A

to the Rt & Lt bundle branches

44
Q

Impulses for contraction travel to

A

the atrioventricular (AV) node & bring about atrial systole

45
Q

Contraction impulses travel from the atria across

A

the atrial myocardium to the atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle or Bundle of His)

46
Q

From the bundle branches the impulses travel along

A

the Purkinje fibers to the rest of the ventricular myocardium & bring about ventricular systole

47
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A

depicts the electrical activity of the myocardium

48
Q

Arrhythmias – dysrhythmias

A

irregular heartbeats

49
Q

Heart rate- Resting rate

A
  • adult 60-80b/min
  • child 100b/min
  • infant 120b/min
  • near term fetus- 140b/min
50
Q

Bradycardia

A

rate less than 60/minute

51
Q

Tachycardia

A

consistent rate greater than 100 beats/minute

52
Q

Rate related to ___ rather than ___

A

SIZE rather than AGE

53
Q

The ___ the metabolic rate the ___ the rate

A

HIGHER, HIGHER

54
Q

Starling’s Law of the Heart

A

the more cardiac muscle fibers are stretched, the more forcefully they contract

55
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT

A
  • The amount of blood pumped by the ventricle in 1 minute

- Increases during exercise two to four times the resting rate

56
Q

Regulation of heart rate is

A

a reflex

57
Q

When can the nervous system intervene

A

to change the heart rate & force of contractions so we can adapt to certain situations

58
Q

The medulla contains 2 cardiac centres

A
  • accelerator/ inhibitory

- send impulses to heart on autonomic nerves

59
Q

Change in blood pressure or a change in oxygen level of the blood is the

A

stimuli for changes in heart rate.

60
Q

Affects of Aging

A
  • Heart muscle becomes less efficient
  • Decrease in cardiac output & rate
  • Heart valves may become thickened by fibrosis, heart murmurs
  • Arrhythmias may be more common
  • Weak ventricle may progress to CHF

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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