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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Primary FUNCTION of the HEART

A

-PUMPS BLOOD through the Arteries, Capillaries & Veins.

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2
Q

Where is the heart located

A

-thoracic cavity between the lungs, (mediastinum)

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3
Q

What is the heart enclosed in

A

pericardial membranes:

  • fibrous pericardium
  • parietal pericardium
  • Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
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4
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

outermost layer

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5
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

middle layer

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6
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

(epicardium)

surface of heart

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7
Q

Many present in cardiac muscle cells

A

Mitochondria

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8
Q

Cardiac cells

A

generate own action potentials

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9
Q

Cardiac cells do not require..

A

nerve impulse to contract

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10
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

-facilitate direct contact between the cardiac cell

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11
Q

Folds increase surface area in the intercalated discs to..

A

allow for rapid transmission of action potential from cell to cell

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12
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A
  • produced by walls of atria during atrial stretch

- in cardiac muscle tissue

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13
Q

What is ANPs protective function

A

works against high blood volume and high BP

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14
Q

3 main functions of ANP

A

1- Decreases reabsorption of sodium by kidneys- increases elimination of sodium and water
2- Stimulates vasodilation- helps lower BP
3- targets adipose tissue- conversion of white adipocytes to brown

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15
Q

Layers of the Heart

A
  • Myocardium

- Endocardium

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16
Q

Myocardium

A

thick; cardiac muscle that makes up the chambers

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17
Q

Endocardium

A

-simple squamous epithelium that lines the chambers
covers the valves

-smooth to prevent abnormal clotting

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18
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

-4

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19
Q

What atrias RECEIVE blood?

A

Right & left atria,(separated by the interatrial septum);

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20
Q

What ventricles PUMP blood?

A

Left & right ventricles, (separated by the interventricular septum);

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21
Q

Rt ventricle

A

pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

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22
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

the pulmonary semilunar valve prevents backflow from - pulmonary artery TO the Rt ventricle when the ventricle relaxes

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23
Q

Lt ventricle

A

pumps blood to the body through the aorta

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24
Q

Aorta

A

the aorta semilunar valve prevents backflow from the aorta to the Lt ventricle when the ventricle relaxes

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25
Main purpose of all VALVES
prevent backflow of blood
26
4 types of valves
1) Tricuspid 2) Mitral/Bicuspid 3) Pulmonary Semilunar 4) Aortic Semilunar
27
Blood flow for Tricuspid Valve
Right atrium to Right Ventricle
28
Blood flow for Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
Left atrium to Left Ventricle
29
Blood flow for Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Right Ventricle to Pulmonary Artery
30
Blood flow for Aortic Semilunar Valve
Left Ventricle to Aorta
31
What can obstruction of a coronary vessel cause
it will cause the myocardium to become ischemic
32
What is the purpose of coronary vessels
to supply blood to the myocardium
33
Cardiac cycle
The sequence of events in one heartbeat
34
The heart is a
double pump; both sides work simultaneously
35
The Atria receives blood
from the veins, the pressure increases; the AV valves open; blood flows into the ventricle(2/3 passive, 1/3 the atrium contracts); the atria relax
36
When the Ventricals contract..
AV valves close; aortic & semilunar valves open, blood is pumped into the arteries; the ventricles relax
37
Most blood flows passively from the atria to the
ventricles
38
ALL blood to the ARTERIES is
actively pumped by the ventricles.
39
heart sounds- 1ST sound created by
the closure of the AVvalves during ventricular systole (contraction) “lub”
40
heart sounds- 2nd sound created by
closure of the aortic & pulmonary semilunar valves “dub”
41
Define Heart murmur
improper closing of a valve
42
SA node – (sinoatrial node)`
the pacemaker of the heart; contracts/depoloarizes 60-80 x minute, which initiates each heartbeat
43
The AV node transmits the impulses..?
to the Rt & Lt bundle branches
44
Impulses for contraction travel to
the atrioventricular (AV) node & bring about atrial systole
45
Contraction impulses travel from the atria across
the atrial myocardium to the atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle or Bundle of His)
46
From the bundle branches the impulses travel along
the Purkinje fibers to the rest of the ventricular myocardium & bring about ventricular systole
47
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
depicts the electrical activity of the myocardium
48
Arrhythmias – dysrhythmias
irregular heartbeats
49
Heart rate- Resting rate
- adult 60-80b/min - child 100b/min - infant 120b/min - near term fetus- 140b/min
50
Bradycardia
rate less than 60/minute
51
Tachycardia
consistent rate greater than 100 beats/minute
52
Rate related to ___ rather than ___
SIZE rather than AGE
53
The ___ the metabolic rate the ___ the rate
HIGHER, HIGHER
54
Starling’s Law of the Heart
the more cardiac muscle fibers are stretched, the more forcefully they contract
55
CARDIAC OUTPUT
- The amount of blood pumped by the ventricle in 1 minute | - Increases during exercise two to four times the resting rate
56
Regulation of heart rate is
a reflex
57
When can the nervous system intervene
to change the heart rate & force of contractions so we can adapt to certain situations
58
The medulla contains 2 cardiac centres
- accelerator/ inhibitory | - send impulses to heart on autonomic nerves
59
Change in blood pressure or a change in oxygen level of the blood is the
stimuli for changes in heart rate.
60
Affects of Aging
- Heart muscle becomes less efficient - Decrease in cardiac output & rate - Heart valves may become thickened by fibrosis, heart murmurs - Arrhythmias may be more common - Weak ventricle may progress to CHF

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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