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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Lymphatic & Immunity Sys. > Flashcards

Lymphatic & Immunity Sys. Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A 
The  lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system
Functions very different from the heart & blood vessels
Consists  of:
Lymph & lymph vessels 
Lymphatic tissue
lymph nodes & nodules
Spleen
Thymus
Lymphocytes
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2
Q

The lymphatic system is part of the ___ system.

A

circulatory system

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3
Q

Purpose of the Lymphatic System

A
  • Protect the body against foreign material
  • Responsible for returning tissue fluid to the blood
  • Maintain blood volume which maintains blood pressure
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4
Q

Define Lymph

A
  • the water found within lymphatic vessels

- tissue fluid that enters the lymph capillaries

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5
Q

Capillaries create ____ from blood plasma which (most of it) ____ to the blood in capillaries by the process of _____

A

tissue fluid, returns, osmosis

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6
Q

Some lymph remains in the

A

interstitial spaces

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7
Q

Lymph is returned to the blood by way of

A

the lymphatic vessels

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8
Q

Lymph helps to maintain

A

blood volume & blood pressure

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9
Q

Lymph vessels

A
  • The system begins as “dead-end” lymph capillaries in the tissue spaces
  • Very permeable & collect fluid & proteins
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10
Q

Capillaries unite to

A

form larger lymph vessels

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11
Q

What does Lymph not have

A

NO PUMP

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12
Q

Lymph returns to the blood to

A

to become plasma again

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13
Q

Lymph vessels keep lymph moving with (3)

A
  • smooth muscle contraction; skeletal muscle pump
  • one way valves (to prevent backflow)
  • respiratory pump
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14
Q

Cisterna chyli

A
  • a large lymph vessel formed by the union of lymph vessels from the lower body
  • continues superiorly as the thoracic duct
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15
Q

Lymph from the lower body & upper Lt quadrant enter the thoracic duct & is returned

A

to the blood in the Lt subclavian vein

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16
Q

Lymph from the upper Rt quadrant enter the Rt lymphatic duct & is returned

A

to the blood in the Rt subclavian vein

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17
Q

LYMPHATIC TISSUE

A

A hemopoietic tissue that produces some lymphocytes

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18
Q

Lymphatic tissue is found in

A
  • the spleen
  • thymus
  • nodes
  • nodules
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19
Q

Lymphocytes - (WBC)

A
  • produced from stem cells in red bone marrow

- migrate to the lymph nodes, nodules, spleen, & the thymus

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20
Q

Lymphocytes become activated & proliferate in response

A

to infection ( a function of all lymphatic tissue)

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21
Q

Lymph node

A

a small mass of lymphatic tissue located along the pathway of lymphatic vessels

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22
Q

Lymph node produces

A

lymphocytes & destroys pathogens in the lymph

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23
Q

Approximate length of lymph nodes

A

Usually 10 – 20 mm long

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24
Q

Lymph enters ____ vessels & leaves by ____ vessels

A

afferent, efferent

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25
Q

Pathogens are phagocytized

A

by macrophages

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26
Q

Plasma cells develop from

A

from the lymphocytes exposed to the pathogen & produce antibodies

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27
Q

Lymph nodes- Major paired groups (3)

A

1) Cervical
2) Axillary
3) Inguinal

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28
Q

Cervical

A

junction of the head & trunk

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29
Q

Axillary

A

junction of the trunk & upper extremities

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30
Q

Inguinal

A

junction of the trunk & lower extremities

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31
Q

LYMPH NODULE

A

a small mass of lymphatic tissue found just below the epithelium of all mucous membranes

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32
Q

mucous membranes

A
  • urinary
  • digestive (Peyer’s patches)
  • respiratory (tonsils)
  • reproductive tracts
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33
Q

lymph nodules destroy pathogens that

A

penetrate mucous membranes

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34
Q

Lymph nodule length

A

usually a fraction of a mm to several mm’s long

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35
Q

example of redundant structure

A

tonsils

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36
Q

Spleen is located in the

A

upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity

37
Q

Spleen is below the

A

diaphragm

38
Q

Spleen is behind the

A

stomach

39
Q

Spleen is protected by

A

the lower ribcage

40
Q

Spleen function in the fetus

A
  • produces RBC

- after birth RBC’s are produced by red bone marrow

41
Q

Spleen contains

A
  • plasma cells
  • macrophages
  • Stores platelets
42
Q

Plasma cells produce

A

antibodies

43
Q

Macrophages phagocytize

A

pathogens & RBC’s (forms bilirubin)

44
Q

Spleen destroys

A

platelets when they are no longer useful

45
Q

Thymus

A
  • Located inferior to the thyroid gland

- In the fetus & infant , the thymus is large & extends under the sternum

46
Q

With age the thymus

A

shrinks

47
Q

Thymus produces

A
  • T lymphocytes (T cells)

- thymic hormones

48
Q

Thymic hormones

A
  • enable the T cells to recognize foreign antigens

- provide immunity

49
Q

Define Immunity

A

-the ability to destroy foreign antigens & prevent future cases of certain infectious diseases

50
Q

Define Antigens

A

chemical markers that identify cells; self and foreign

51
Q

Self antigens

A

chemical markers that identify human cells as self

52
Q

Foreign (non-self) antigens

A

stimulate immune responses

53
Q

Innate immunity – nonspecific response

A
  • Does not create memory cells

- Does not become more efficient

54
Q

Innate immunity consists of

A
  • Barriers
  • Defensive cells
  • Chemical defenses
55
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • Response specific for a foreign antigen
  • Creates memory
  • Becomes more efficient
56
Q

Adaptive Immunity is carried out by

A

T cells (lymphocytes), B cells (lymphocytes) & macrophages

57
Q

Adaptive Immunity recognizes

A

antigen as foreign

58
Q

Adaptive Immunity initiates

A

immune mechanisms

59
Q

Immune mechanisms (adaptive immunity)

A
  • Cell-mediated immunity

- Antibody-mediated immunity

60
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity

A
  • does not involve antibodies

- Effective against intracellular pathogens such as viruses, fungi, malignant cells & grafts of foreign tissue

61
Q

Helper T cells

A

recognize the foreign antigen & begin to divide

62
Q

Memory T cells

A

remember the specific antigen

63
Q

Cytotoxic T cells destroy

A

the cells

64
Q

Cytotoxic T cells produce

A

cytokine to attract macrophages

65
Q

Antibody Mediated Immunity (humoral immunity)

A
  • involves antibody production

- Becomes more efficient with repeated exposure to pathogens & foreign cells

66
Q

B cells & helper T cells recognize

A

the antigen

67
Q

B cells are antigen specific & begin to

A

divide

68
Q

B cells become plasma cells & produce

A

antigens specific antibodies

69
Q

An antigen

A

antibody complex is formed & attracts macrophages (opsonization)

70
Q

Complement proteins

A

bind to the complex & destroy the antigen

71
Q

Antibody

A

-gamma globulin, immune globulin

-a protein molecule produced by plasma cells
specific for & will bond to

-a specific foreign antigen.

72
Q

What do antibodies do to antigens

A
  • DO NOT destroy antigens
  • attach to antigens-antibody complex
  • label them for destruction
73
Q

What does antigen-antibody complex stimulate

A

the process of complement fixation

74
Q

ANTIBODY RESPONSE

A
  • 1st exposure
  • 2nd exposure
  • Antibodies cause agglutination
  • Antibodies neutralize viruses
  • Antibodies neutralize bacterial toxins
75
Q

1st exposure

A

a small amt of antibodies is produced slowly (person may develop disease)

76
Q

2nd exposure

A

memory cell produce a large amt of antibodies, quickly ( person does not develop disease)

77
Q

Antibodies cause agglutination of bacterial cells which are then destroyed

A

by the macrophages

78
Q

Antibodies neutralize viruses by

A

bonding & preventing them from entering the cell

79
Q

Antibodies neutralize bacterial toxins by

A

bonding & changing their shape

80
Q

Immunity

A

the state of being protected from an infectious disease

81
Q

TYPES of IMMUNITY: (2) major categories

A

1) Genetic immunity

2) Acquired immunity

82
Q

Genetic immunity

A

conferred by DNA; does not involve antibodies; lasts a lifetime

83
Q

Acquired immunity

A

developed or acquired by natural or artificial means; involves antibodies

84
Q

Active immunity

A

individual produces antibodies

85
Q

Passive immunity

A

antibodies are acquired from another source; protection is always temporary

86
Q

AFFECTS of AGING

A
  • Decreased efficiency of the immune response
  • More susceptible to infections & secondary infections
  • Autoimmune disorders more prevalent
  • Incidence of cancer is higher
87
Q

Autoimmune disorders

A
  • Rheumatoid arthritis

- Myasthenia gravis

88
Q

Incidence of cancer is higher because of aging

A

Malignant cells are not as easily destroyed & therefore remain alive & proliferate

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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