-chains of amino acids ex// Insulin (pancreas), growth hormone (anterior pituitary gland), calcitonin (thyroid) - short chains of amino acids are called peptides - ADH, oxytocin (hypothalmus)

- decreases urinary output - Increases blood volume - Increases BP

- stimulates contraction of the myometrium during labor - stimulates release of milk from mammary glands

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards by Zahra BagJan

The Endocrine Sys. is a ____ type of system of the body

regulating

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The endocrine system regulates the… (6)

growth of tissues
repair of tissues
the use of foods
resistance to stress
pH of fluids
reproduction

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What does the Endocrine glands secrete?

Hormones

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Hormones are secreted directly into…?

Capillaries

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What circulates the blood throughout the body?

Hormones

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Hormones exert very specific effects on what tyoe of organs?

Target organs

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Hormones are classified by their structure into 3 groups

Name the groups:

Amines
Proteins
Steroids

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Define Amines

-simple hormones
-structural variations of the amino acid tryosine
ex// thyroxine, epinephrine & norepinephrine

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Define Proteins

-chains of amino acids

ex// Insulin (pancreas), growth hormone (anterior pituitary gland), calcitonin (thyroid)

short chains of amino acids are called peptides
ADH, oxytocin (hypothalmus)

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Define Steroids

cholesterol is the precursor (comes before) for cortisol, aldosterone (adrenal cortex), estrogen, progesterone (gonads)

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What do the cells of the endocrine glands respond to?

to changes in the blood or other hormones in the blood

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Explain Negative feedback mechanism

information about the effects of the hormone is “fed back” to the gland, which then decreases its secretion of the hormone.

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Insulin, GH and Glucagon are..

proteins

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ADH and oxytocin are..

peptides

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Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

within the sella turcica, below the hypothalamus

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Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

- ADH and Oxytocin

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Antiuretic Hormone (ADH)

increases water reabsorption by the kidneys

- in large amounts causes vasoconstriction

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Result of ADH

decreases urinary output
Increases blood volume
Increases BP

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Stimulus of ADH

-nerve impulses from hypothalamus when body water decreases for any reason

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Oxytocin

stimulates contraction of the myometrium during labor

- stimulates release of milk from mammary glands

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Stimulus for oxytocin

-nerve impulses from hypothalamus as cervix is stretched or suckling on nipple

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Anterior Pituitary Gland (adenohypophysis)

secretions are regulated by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
hormones: GH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin

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Growth Hormone (increases 4 things)

1) increases amino acid transport into cells.
2) Increases protein synthesis.

3) Increases mitosis.
4) Increases use of fats for energy.

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Stimulus for GH

GHRH from the hypothalamus

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

– increases secretion of thyroxine and T3.

Stimulus for TSH

TRH from the hypothalamus

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

– increases secretion of cortisol

Stimulus for ACTH

CRH from the hypothalamus

Prolactin

-stimulates milk production

Stimulus for prolactin

PRH from the hypothalamus

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

-women: initiates development of ova in ovarian follicles and >secretion of estrogen. -men: initiates sperm development in tested >secretion of testosterone

Stimulus for FSH

GnRH from the hypothalamus

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

- women: stimulates ovulation and secretion of progesterone. - men: stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes

Stimulus for LH

GnRH from the hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland consists of two lobes

1) Posterior pituitary gland | 2) Anterior pituitary gland

Thyroid Gland

-Located is the front & sides of the trachea, just below the larynx

What are the structural units of the thyroid gland

-thyroid follicles which produce thyroxine(T4), & triiodothyronine (T3).

what is the third hormone of the thyroid gland

- The 3rd hormone is calcitonin & it is secreted by parafollicular cells. - decreases reabsorption of calcium from bones - lowers blood calcium level

Parathyroid Gland

- Four glands, two on the back of each lobe on the thyroid gland - Produces parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

- antagonist to calcitonin | - Increases the reabsorption of calcium & phosphorus from bones to the blood

What are the target organs for PTH

bones, small intestine,& kidneys

Pancreas

-Located in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, extending from the curve of the duodenum to the spleen

Pancreatic Islets

- in Islets of Langerhans | - the hormone-producing cells that contain alpha cells (glucagon) & beta cells (insulin)

Adrenal medulla

- fight or flight - Norepinephrine - Epinephrine

Adrenal Cortex

-secretes 3 types of steroid hormones: 1)Mineralocorticoids 2)Glucocorticoids 3)Sex hormones estrogen, females androgens, male

Ovaries

-Secrete steroids Estrogen Progesterone

Estrogen

- promotes the maturation of the ovum in the ovarian follicle - stimulates the growth of blood vessels in the endometrium - responsible for the secondary sex characteristics

Progesterone

- promotes the storage of glycogen - enhances growth of blood vessels in the uterus - develops the secretory cells of the mammary glands

Inhibin

-decreases the secretion of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland

Testes

- Located in the scrotum | - Secrete testosterone & inhibin

Testosterone

- promotes the maturation of sperm | - stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

Inhibin

- decreases the secretion of FSH | - maintains spermatogenesis at a constant rate

Melatonin

- secreted by the pineal gland; | - stimulates the onset of sleep & increases its duration

Prostagladins

-made by all cells from the phospholipids of their cell membrane

A hormone affects cells that..

that have receptors for it

The receptors may be part of the cell membrane or within the...

nucleus or cytoplasm of the target cell

Once the hormone ______ has bonded on or in its target cell it stimulates the formation of ________

- (1st messenger) | - cyclic AMP (2nd messenger)

Cyclic AMP

activates the cell’s enzymes to bring about the cells characteristics response to a hormone

Affects of Aging

- decreased secretions - decreased muscle mass - increase in fat storage - lower basal metabolic rate