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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

The Endocrine Sys. is a ____ type of system of the body

A

regulating

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2
Q

The endocrine system regulates the… (6)

A
  • growth of tissues
  • repair of tissues
  • the use of foods
  • resistance to stress
  • pH of fluids
  • reproduction
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3
Q

What does the Endocrine glands secrete?

A

Hormones

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4
Q

Hormones are secreted directly into…?

A

Capillaries

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5
Q

What circulates the blood throughout the body?

A

Hormones

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6
Q

Hormones exert very specific effects on what tyoe of organs?

A

Target organs

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7
Q

Hormones are classified by their structure into 3 groups

Name the groups:

A
  • Amines
  • Proteins
  • Steroids
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8
Q

Define Amines

A

-simple hormones
-structural variations of the amino acid tryosine
ex// thyroxine, epinephrine & norepinephrine

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9
Q

Define Proteins

A

-chains of amino acids

ex// Insulin (pancreas), growth hormone (anterior pituitary gland), calcitonin (thyroid)

  • short chains of amino acids are called peptides
  • ADH, oxytocin (hypothalmus)
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10
Q

Define Steroids

A

cholesterol is the precursor (comes before) for cortisol, aldosterone (adrenal cortex), estrogen, progesterone (gonads)

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11
Q

What do the cells of the endocrine glands respond to?

A

to changes in the blood or other hormones in the blood

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12
Q

Explain Negative feedback mechanism

A

information about the effects of the hormone is “fed back” to the gland, which then decreases its secretion of the hormone.

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13
Q

Insulin, GH and Glucagon are..

A

proteins

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14
Q

ADH and oxytocin are..

A

peptides

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15
Q

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

within the sella turcica, below the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

A
  • stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

- ADH and Oxytocin

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17
Q

Antiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A
  • increases water reabsorption by the kidneys

- in large amounts causes vasoconstriction

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18
Q

Result of ADH

A
  • decreases urinary output
  • Increases blood volume
  • Increases BP
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19
Q

Stimulus of ADH

A

-nerve impulses from hypothalamus when body water decreases for any reason

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20
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • stimulates contraction of the myometrium during labor

- stimulates release of milk from mammary glands

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21
Q

Stimulus for oxytocin

A

-nerve impulses from hypothalamus as cervix is stretched or suckling on nipple

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22
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland (adenohypophysis)

A
  • secretions are regulated by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
  • hormones: GH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin
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23
Q

Growth Hormone (increases 4 things)

A

1) increases amino acid transport into cells.
2) Increases protein synthesis.

3) Increases mitosis.
4) Increases use of fats for energy.

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24
Q

Stimulus for GH

A

GHRH from the hypothalamus

25
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

– increases secretion of thyroxine and T3.

26
Q

Stimulus for TSH

A

TRH from the hypothalamus

27
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

– increases secretion of cortisol

28
Q

Stimulus for ACTH

A

CRH from the hypothalamus

29
Q

Prolactin

A

-stimulates milk production

30
Q

Stimulus for prolactin

A

PRH from the hypothalamus

31
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

-women: initiates development of ova in ovarian follicles and >secretion of estrogen.
-men: initiates sperm development in tested
>secretion of testosterone

32
Q

Stimulus for FSH

A

GnRH from the hypothalamus

33
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • women: stimulates ovulation and secretion of progesterone.
  • men: stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes
34
Q

Stimulus for LH

A

GnRH from the hypothalamus

35
Q

Pituitary Gland consists of two lobes

A

1) Posterior pituitary gland

2) Anterior pituitary gland

36
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

-Located is the front & sides of the trachea, just below the larynx

37
Q

What are the structural units of the thyroid gland

A

-thyroid follicles which produce thyroxine(T4), & triiodothyronine (T3).

38
Q

what is the third hormone of the thyroid gland

A
  • The 3rd hormone is calcitonin & it is secreted by parafollicular cells.
  • decreases reabsorption of calcium from bones
  • lowers blood calcium level
39
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A
  • Four glands, two on the back of each lobe on the thyroid gland
  • Produces parathyroid hormone
40
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A
  • antagonist to calcitonin

- Increases the reabsorption of calcium & phosphorus from bones to the blood

41
Q

What are the target organs for PTH

A

bones, small intestine,& kidneys

42
Q

Pancreas

A

-Located in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, extending from the curve of the duodenum to the spleen

43
Q

Pancreatic Islets

A
  • in Islets of Langerhans

- the hormone-producing cells that contain alpha cells (glucagon) & beta cells (insulin)

44
Q

Adrenal medulla

A
  • fight or flight
  • Norepinephrine
  • Epinephrine
45
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

-secretes 3 types of steroid hormones:
1)Mineralocorticoids
2)Glucocorticoids
3)Sex hormones
estrogen, females
androgens, male

46
Q

Ovaries

A

-Secrete steroids
Estrogen
Progesterone

47
Q

Estrogen

A
  • promotes the maturation of the ovum in the ovarian follicle
  • stimulates the growth of blood vessels in the endometrium
  • responsible for the secondary sex characteristics
48
Q

Progesterone

A
  • promotes the storage of glycogen
  • enhances growth of blood vessels in the uterus
  • develops the secretory cells of the mammary glands
49
Q

Inhibin

A

-decreases the secretion of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland

50
Q

Testes

A
  • Located in the scrotum

- Secrete testosterone & inhibin

51
Q

Testosterone

A
  • promotes the maturation of sperm

- stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

52
Q

Inhibin

A
  • decreases the secretion of FSH

- maintains spermatogenesis at a constant rate

53
Q

Melatonin

A
  • secreted by the pineal gland;

- stimulates the onset of sleep & increases its duration

54
Q

Prostagladins

A

-made by all cells from the phospholipids of their cell membrane

55
Q

A hormone affects cells that..

A

that have receptors for it

56
Q

The receptors may be part of the cell membrane or within the…

A

nucleus or cytoplasm of the target cell

57
Q

Once the hormone ______ has bonded on or in its target cell it stimulates the formation of ________

A
  • (1st messenger)

- cyclic AMP (2nd messenger)

58
Q

Cyclic AMP

A

activates the cell’s enzymes to bring about the cells characteristics response to a hormone

59
Q

Affects of Aging

A
  • decreased secretions
  • decreased muscle mass
  • increase in fat storage
  • lower basal metabolic rate

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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