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Physiology Essentials > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major organs of the respiratory system?

A
  • Nasal cavities
  • Sinuses
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  • Alveoli
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2
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A
  • Ventilation (air movement)
  • Gas exchange between air and blood
  • Produce sounds for communication
  • Facilitate odor detection
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3
Q

What is the respiratory tract?

A

Passageways that carry air
to and from the exchange
surfaces of the lungs

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4
Q

What are the key structures in the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx

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5
Q

What are the function of the structures in the upper respiratory system?

A
  • Filter, warm, and humidify incoming air to
    protect surfaces of lower respiratory system
  • Reabsorb heat and water from outgoing air
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6
Q

What are the key structures in the lower respiratory system?

A 
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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7
Q

What is the function of the larynx and trachea?

A 
Sound production (glottis) and
preventing food from entering trachea (epiglottis)
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8
Q

What is the function of the bronchus and bronchioles?

A

Airflow to alveoli

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9
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

Provides large surface area for gas exchange

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10
Q

What happens to the bronchi/bronchioles in the sympathetic NS?

A

Bronchodilation- high air flow to lungs

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11
Q

What happens to the bronchi/bronchioles in the parasympathetic NS?

A

Bronchoconstriction- low airflow to lungs

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12
Q

What cells line the exposed surfaces of the respiratory system?

A
  • Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • Mucous cells
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Type I pneumocyte
  • Type II pneumocyte
  • Alveolar macrophage
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13
Q

What are the characteristics that make alveoli well suited to gas exchange?

A

-Alveoli are well suited to gas exchange because they have a large surface area
and there is a very short distance between the air and blood

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14
Q

What is the function of psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

Protection and mucous removal

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15
Q

What is the function of mucous cells?

A

Mucous secretion

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16
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Protection (from food)

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17
Q

What is the function of type I pneumocyte?

A

Gas exchange

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18
Q

What is the function of type ii pneumocyte?

A

Surfactant secretion

19
Q

What is the function of alveolar macrophage?

A

Engulf and destroy particles

20
Q

How does the respiratory system defend itself against pathogens and particles?

A

1) Filter, warm and humidify air incoming air to protect surfaces of lower respiratory system
2) Mucous escalator: protection, secretion and mucus removal
3) Alveolar macrophage: engulf and destroy particles and pathogens

21
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air and interstitial fluid

  • O2 air –> interstitial fluid
  • CO2 interstitial fluid –> air
  • 3 steps: pulmonary ventilation, gas diffusion, transport
22
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between interstitial fluid and cells

  • O2 interstitial fluid –> cells
  • CO2 cells –> interstitial fluid
23
Q

What is the role of the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in pulmonary ventilation?

A

The pressure of a gas within lungs can change by changing the volume of the lungs
-↑ lung volume (i.e. breath in) = ↓ air pressure in lung, air flows from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure, air flows into the lungs
-↑ lung volume (i.e. breath in) =
↓ air pressure in lung, air flows from an area of high pressure
to an area of low pressure, air flows into the lungs

24
Q

How do we change lung volume?

A

Movement of the diaphragm and rib cage

  • Breathe in: volume increases, pressure inside becomes less than outside, air flows into lungs
  • Breathe out: volume decreases, pressure inside becomes greater than outside, air flows out lungs
25
Q

How does air flow into the lungs?

A 
-Contraction of diaphragm
and inspiratory muscles
-Elevates rib cage
-↑ volume of thoracic cavity
-↓ pressure in thoracic
cavity
-Air flows into lungs
26
Q

How does air flow out of the lungs?

A 
-Diaphragm and inspiratory
muscles relax and rib cage
returns to normal position
-↓ volume of thoracic cavity
-↑ pressure in thoracic cavity
-Air flows out of lungs
27
Q

What is the definition of respiratory rate?

A

Number of breaths per minute

28
Q

What is the definition of tidal volume?

A

Amount of air you move into or out of your lungs during a single respiratory cycle

29
Q

What is the definition of total lung capacity?

A

Total volume of your lungs

30
Q

What is the definition of vital capacity?

A

Maximum amount of air that you can move into or out of your lungs in a single respiratory cycle

31
Q

What is the definition of functional residual capacity?

A

Amount of air that remains in your lungs after completing a quiet breathing cycle

32
Q

What is the definition of residual volume?

A

Amount of air that remains in your lungs even after maximal exhalation

33
Q

Describe partial pressure?

A

The pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases

  • High (P) = many gas molecules in the solution
  • Low (P)= few gas molecules in the solution
34
Q

Describe process of O2 transportation

A

Bound to haemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells

35
Q

Describe process of CO2 transportation

A
  • As bicarbonate ions (HCO3, 70%)
  • Bound to haemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells
  • Dissolved in plasma
36
Q

Describe how the nervous system controls the depth and rate of respiration

A

Voluntary: involves motor areas of the cerebral cortex
Involuntary: involves respiratory centres in the brain stem

37
Q

Describe the processes involved in alveolar function

A

O2
-Blood in alveolar capillaries is directed towards pulmonary
lobules that have a high partial pressure of O2
-Constriction of alveolar capillaries that have a low partial pressure of O2
CO2
- Airflow is directed to pulmonary lobules with a high partial pressure of CO2
-Smooth muscle in the bronchioles is sensitive to the partial pressure of CO2

38
Q

How does the medulla oblongata, pons and hypothalamus control respiration?

A
  • Medulla oblongata: set respiratory rate
  • Pons: adjust output of respiratory rhythm centres and depths of respiration in response to sensory stimuli
  • Hypothalamus: controls autonomic NS
39
Q

How does sensory information can trigger changes in respiratory rate?

A 
-Sensory information can trigger changes in respiratory rate
Sensory receptors respond to:
-Mechanical stimuli
-Chemical stimuli
-Central chemoreceptors
-Peripheral chemoreceptors
40
Q

What is the function of mechanical: stretch receptors?

A

-Respond to: high lung volume
-Located in: smooth muscle
-Results in: decreased respiratory rate/lung volume
-Prevent excessive inflation
of the lung

41
Q

What is the function of chemical: irritant receptors?

A
  • Respond to: irritants
  • Located in: epithelium of airways
  • Results in: cough/sneeze
  • Remove irritant and protect gas exchange surfaces
42
Q

What is the function of chemical: central chemoreceptors?

A

-Respond to: low pH of cerebrospinal fluid
-Located in: brain stem
-Results in: high respiratory rate/deeper breaths
-Exhale (remove) excess
CO2

43
Q

What is the function of chemical: peripheral chemoreceptors?

A
  • Respond to: low partial pressure of CO2
  • Located in: aortic and carotid bodies
  • Results in: high respiratory rate
  • Inhale more O2 and exhale
    (remove) excess CO2

Physiology Essentials (13 decks)

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