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Physiology Essentials > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine Communication

A
  • Cell releases chemical message (hormone) into bloodstream

- Affects activity of specific target cells in the body

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2
Q

Paracrine Communication

A
  • Cell releases chemical message (paracrine) into extracellular fluid
  • Transfer information from cell to cell
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3
Q

Hormone

A
  • Alter function of target cell by changing types, quantities and activities of enzymes/structural proteins
  • Slow/long lasting
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4
Q

Synaptic Communication

A
  • Neuron releases a neurotransmitter (chemical message) across a synapse
  • Rapid and short lasting
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5
Q

Autocrine Communication

A

Chemical message (autocrine) affect same cell that secretes them

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6
Q

Direct Communication

A
  • Occurs between 2 cells of the same type

- Must be in direct physical contact

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7
Q

Major organs of Endocrine System

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal gland
  • Endocrine tissues in other systems
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8
Q

Function of Endocrine System

A
  • Directs long-term changes in activities of organ systems
  • Adjusts metabolic activities in body
  • Control many structural and functional changes; achieved by release of hormones or paracrines
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9
Q

Amino Acid Derivatives

A

-Small molecules structurally relate to amino acids

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10
Q

Lipid Derivatives

A
  • Produces either eicosacnoids or steroid hormones

- Secreted by endocrine cells

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11
Q

Peptide Hormones

A
  • Chains of amino acids

- Short polypeptides/small proteins

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12
Q

Glands

A
  • Collection of cells that produce secretions
  • Endocrine Glands: secrete into fluid between cell
  • Exocrine Glands: secrete into passageways
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13
Q

Lipophilic Hormones

A
  • Bind to intracellular receptors: “love lipids”

- Can directly pass through plasma membrane

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14
Q

Binding of Lipophilic Hormones to its receptor modifies activity of the target cell by…

A

Altering genetic activity

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15
Q

Binding of Hydrophilic Hormones to its receptor modifies activity of the target cell by…

A
  • Altering permeability of plasma membrane

- Altering rate of synthesis of proteins/enzymes

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16
Q

Hydrophilic Hormones

A
  • Bind to receptor on plasma membrane: “love water”

- Can’t directly pass through plasma membrane

17
Q

Describe the two ways that these hormones can circulate in the blood.

A
  • Hormones circulate in plasma part of the blood

- It can either be free (active) or bound (inactive) to plasma proteins

18
Q

G-Proteins

A
  • When there is no binding between hormone and receptor, the G protein is inactive
  • When hormone binds to receptor, it activates G-Proteins
  • The activated G protein leads to the appearance of the second messenger
19
Q

First Messenger

A

Hormone bind to receptor on plasma membrane

20
Q

Second Messenger

A

Intermediary molecule that appears due to hormone binding to receptor on plasma membrane

21
Q

Signal Amplifcation

A

Magnifies effect of hormone on target cell

22
Q

Factors that affect plasma concentration of freely circulating hormone

A

1) Extent of binding to plasma proteins
2) Extent of binding to target cell
3) Rate of removal from blood by metabolic inactivation and excretion
4) Rate of hormone secretion by endocrine cells

23
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Integrates activities of nervous and endocrine system
  • Neurons releasing 2 hormones via posterior pituitary gland
  • Secretes regulatory hormones that control endocrine cells in anterior pituitary gland
  • Exerts neural control over endocrine cells in adrenal gland
24
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Anterior Lobe: releases 7 hormones produced by endocrine cells in pituitary glands
Posterior Lobe: releases 2 hormones produced by neurons in hypothalamus

25
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A
  • Produces 2 types of corticosteroids
    1) Glucocorticoids
    2) Mineralocorticoids
26
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • Produces adrenaline and nonadrenaline
  • under direct neural control by hypothalamus via sympathetic nervous system
  • Supports actions of sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
  • Plays an important role in body’s response to stress

Physiology Essentials (13 decks)

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