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Physiology Essentials > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two general classes of cells in the body?

A

Sex Cells, Somatic Cells

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2
Q

Describe the structure of a typical somatic cell

A

Intracellular: inside of the cell
Extracellular: surrounding environment outside of the cell

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3
Q

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

A

Consists of

  • Lipids: phospholipids form phospholipid bilayer. Hydrophilic head and Hydrophobic tail
  • Proteins: integral (span membrane) and peripheral (bound to inner/outer surface)
  • Cholesterol
  • Carbohydrates
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4
Q

Describe the function of the plasma membrane

A

-Physical barrier between intracellular/extracellular environment
-Regulates exchange of molecules between
intracellular/extracellular environment
-Structural support

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5
Q

Describe the phospholipid bilayer

A
  • Phospholipid molecules form 2 layers
  • Hydrophilic head (water loving)
  • Hydrophobic tail (water fearing)
  • Isolates cytoplasm from surround extracellular fluid
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6
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Material between plasma membrane and nucleus

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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm composed of?

A

Cytosol and organelles

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8
Q

What is the function of the microvilli?

A

Increases surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

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9
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton

A

Strength/support: movement of cellular structures and materials

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10
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A

A sensor: move materials over cell surface

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11
Q

What is the function of free ribosomes?

A
  • Scattered in cytoplasm
  • Synthesise proteins for release into cytosol
  • Protein synthesis
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12
Q

What is the function of fixed ribosomes?

A
  • Located on rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Synthesise proteins and pass them to rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Protein synthesis
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13
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Storage, alteration and packaging secretory products

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14
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • No fixed ribosomes

- Synthesises lipids and carbohydrates

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15
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Contacts nuclear envelope
  • Surface contains fixed ribosomes
  • Modifies/packages new proteins produced by fixed ribosomes
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16
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

-Absorbs oxygen, organic molecules and generate ATP (energy), carbon dioxide and water

17
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • Controls cell metabolism, storage, processing of genetic information and protein synthesis
  • Determines cell structure and function
18
Q

What are the 2 nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA)

19
Q

What is a gene?

A

Section of a DNA strand that specifies the amino acids needed to produce a specific protein

20
Q

Describe transport of molecules across the plasma membrane

A

Selectively permeable

-permits free passage of some substances and prevents passage of others

21
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Proteins that carry genetic information in the form of genes

22
Q

What is the difference between passive and active transport of molecules across the plasma membrane?

A
  • Passive transport requires no energy

- Active transport requires energy in form of ATP

23
Q

What are the types of passive transport?

A
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Facilitated diffusion
24
Q

What are the types of active transport?

A
  • Endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
  • Active transport
25
Q

Describe diffusion

A

-Net movement of a substance from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration (down the concentration gradient)
-Simple diffusion (gases/lipid soluble molecules)
-Channel-mediated diffusion (water soluble molecules/ions)

26
Q

Describe osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a membrane

27
Q

Describe facilitated diffusion

A

Integral proteins bind specific ions or organic substrates and carry them across the plasma membrane (down their
concentration gradient)

28
Q

Describe active transport

A

Integral proteins bind specific ions and carry them across the plasma membrane (up/against their concentration gradient)

29
Q

What is the sodium-potassium exchange pump?

A

Energy (ATP) is used to pump sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane

30
Q

Describe exocytosis

A

Vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to move substances out of the cell

31
Q

Describe endocytosis

A

Extracellular materials are packaged in vesicles at the plasma membrane and transported into the cell

32
Q

What are the types of endocytosis?

A
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis (hormones)
  • Pinocytosis: cell drinking (nutrients)
  • Phagocytosis: cell eating (bacteria)
33
Q

What are the 5 types of intracellular communication

A
  • Endocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Autocrine
  • Synaptic
  • Direct
34
Q

Describe endocrine communication

A

Cell releases a chemical message (hormone) into the bloodstream to affect the activity of specific (target) cells in another part of the body

35
Q

Describe paracrine communication

A

Cell releases a chemical message (paracrine) into the extracellular fluid to transfer information from cell to cell

36
Q

Describe autocrine communication

A

When chemical messages (autocrines) affect the same cells that secrete them

37
Q

Describe synaptic communication

A

Neuron releases a chemical message (neurotransmitter) at a chemical synapse with target cell

38
Q

Describe direct communication

A

-Between two cells of the same type, and
the cells must be in physical contact
-Exchange ions across gap junction via diffusion

39
Q

Describe difference between mitosis and meiosis

A
  • Mitosis: produce 2 daughter cells, 46 chromosomes in each cell
  • Meiosis: produce 4 daughter cells, 23 chromosomes in each cells

Physiology Essentials (13 decks)

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