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Physiology Essentials > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the Nervous System

A
  • Maintains homeostasis, controls organ systems
  • Cognition/memory
  • Interprets sensory information about external conditions
  • Controls skeletal muscles
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2
Q

Neurons

A
  • Processes information

- Sense environmental changes

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3
Q

Neuroglia

A

-Insulate, support, nourish neurons

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4
Q

Cell Body

A

-Contains cell nucleus

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5
Q

Dendrite

A
  • Receive information from other cells
  • Exert effect on postsynaptic neuron
  • Site of graded potential
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6
Q

Axon

A

-Propagation of action potential
Start=Axon Hillock
(where action potential starts)
End= Axon Terminal

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7
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A
  • Many dendrites, 1 axon

- Cell body between dendrites and axon

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8
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A
  • Dendrites merge into 1 axon
  • Cell body on side of axon
  • Sensory neurons in PNS
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9
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A
  • 1 dendrite and axon
  • cell body between dendrite and axon
  • Small/rare
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10
Q

Anaxonic Neuron

A
  • Can’t distinguish dendrites and axons
  • Central cell body
  • Occur in brain and sense organs
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11
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Deliver information from sensory receptors in body to CNS

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12
Q

Motor Neuron

A

Carry movement instructions from CNS to body

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13
Q

Interneurons

A

Forms connections with other neurons

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14
Q

Grey Matter

A

High density of cell bodies

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15
Q

White Matter

A

High density of axons

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16
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Fills spaces between neurons
  • Provides structural support
  • Regulate chemical environment between neurons
  • Maintain blood-brain barrier
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17
Q

Ogliodendrocytes

A

Layers of membrane that insulate axons in CNS

18
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Layers of membrane that insulate axons in PNS

19
Q

Myelin

A
  • Layers of membrane that insulate axons
  • Covering= Myelin Sheath
  • Gaps= Nodes of Ranvier
  • Increases speed of information transfer down axons (action potential)
20
Q

Neurotransmission

A

Transmission of information across a synapse

21
Q

Resting Membrane Potential (Neurons)

A

-70mV

22
Q

Membrane Potential

A

Positive and negative charges held apart across plasma membrane

23
Q

Sodium Potassium Exchange Pump

A
  • Potassium ions are pumped back into cell and sodium ions are pumped back out of cell
  • Ions pumped against their concentration gradient (require ATP)
  • Pump is a form of active transport across plasma membrane
24
Q

Passive (Leak) Channels

A

Always open (sodium and potassium channels)

25
Q

Active (Gated) Channels

A
  • Closed, need stimulus to open

- Open changes membrane potential

26
Q

Chemically-Gated Ion Channel

A

Chemical opens channel

27
Q

Voltage-Gated Ion Channel

A

Change in voltage opens channel

28
Q

Mechanically Gated Ion Channel

A

Mechanical stimulus opens channel (eg: stretching)

29
Q

Action Potential

A
  • An all or none electrical event

- Brief reversal of membrane potential that starts at axon hillock and propagates down the axon to the axon terminal

30
Q

Brief Reversal of Membrane Potential

A

1) Depolarisation to threshold
2) Activation (opening) of voltage gated sodium ion channels and rapid repolarisation
3) Inactivation (closing of sodium ion channels) and activation of potassium ion channels starts repolarisation
4) Time lag in closing of all potassium ion channels leads to temporary hyperpolarisation
5) Resting potential- both channels close

31
Q

Synapse Activity

A

Arrival of action potential at axon terminal

32
Q

Neurotransmission at a chemical synapse

A

1) Arrival of action potential at axon terminal opens voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium enters presynaptic neuron.
2) Synaptic vesicle containing neurotransmitter fuses to presynaptic neuron and neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft via exocytosis.
3) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on postsynaptic neuron/membrane
4) Receptors on postsynaptic neuron open, enabling a specific ion to move across the plasma membrane

33
Q

Cerebrum

A

Memory, cognition, control of skeletal muscle

34
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Monitors and adjusts ongoing movement

- Coordination and timing of movements

35
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • Transfers movement commands from brain –> body

- Transfers sensory commands from body –> brain

36
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Thalamus: process sensory info
  • Hypothalamus: behavioural drives, regulation of body temperature, controls endocrine system and regulates cardiovascular/respiratory/digestive system
37
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Process visual and auditory information
  • Movement reflex
  • Maintains consciousness
38
Q

Pons

A

Subconscious control of skeletal and smooth muscle

39
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Regulates cardiovascular/respiratory/digestive systems

40
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Delivers motor commands from CNS –> Body
  • Delivers sensory commands from body –> CNS
  • Divided into somatic (skeletal muscle/skin/joints) and autonomic (glands/smooth muscle
  • Autonomic divided into sympathetic (fight or flight), parasympathetic (rest and digest) and enteric (controls food movement through intestine)

Physiology Essentials (13 decks)

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