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Bio 20 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the air we breathe consist of?

A

Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, trace gases, and oxygen (most valuable)

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2
Q

In humans, what is the only means of obtaining oxygen?

A

Through the lungs

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3
Q

What is breathing?

A

Involves the movement of air between the lungs and the external environment. The process’s involved in breathing include both inspiration and cellular respiration

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4
Q

What is not breathing?

A

Yawning and hiccuping

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5
Q

What is yawning?

A

Stretching of the facial muscles

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6
Q

What is hiccuping?

A

Spasm of the diaphragm

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7
Q

What is respiration?

A

Involves all processes related to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide including breathing, gas exchange , and cellular respiration

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8
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the cells of the lungs

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9
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and cells of the body

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10
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The exchange and the use of oxygen to make energy, and as a byproduct CO2 is produced

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11
Q

What is the role of the nasal cavity?

A

Filters the air with the help of cilia and mucous. It also moistens the air before it goes to the lungs

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12
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Opens from the nasal cavity and branches into two structures

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13
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Muscular tube that moves food to the stomach

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14
Q

What is the trachea?

A

The windpipe which is supported by c-shaped cartilaginous rings and covered with ciliated cells and mucous that act as a secondary filter

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15
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A flap of skin that covers the opening of the trachea to prevent food from entering the lungs while swallowing

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16
Q

What is the larynx?

A

The voice box, composed of two thin sheets of elastic ligaments that vibrate as air is forced out of them. Also called the vocal chords

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17
Q

What are bronchi?

A

Two tubes that branch from the trachea and carry air to the lungs

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18
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Smaller branches off the bronchi that become progressively smaller until they reach the alveoli

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19
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Air sacs in the lung where gas exchange occurs

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20
Q

What are alveoli covered with?

A

A slippery lipoprotein ion called a surfactant

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21
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Prevents the sacs from collapsing and sticking together

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22
Q

What do gases do in the alveoli?

A

Diffuse in and out according to concentration

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23
Q

What are five reasons that alveoli are a good site for gas exchange?

A
  1. Thin (faster)
  2. Moist (fluids move gases faster)
  3. High surface area (more spots for gas exchange)
  4. Warm (faster)
  5. Vascular (surrounded with a capillary making it the only possible sight)
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24
Q

What are pleural membranes?

A

Thin membranes surrounding the outer surface of the lungs. They are filled with fluid to reduce friction between the lungs and the chest cavity during inhalation

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25
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A large sheet of muscle that separates the organs of the thoracic cavity from those of the abdominal cavity

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26
Q

What happens to the diaphragm as the muscle contracts?

A

The diaphragm flattens decreasing pressure inside the chest cavity drawing air into the lungs

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27
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when the muscle relaxes?

A

The muscle becomes dome shapes

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28
Q

What are intercostal muscles?

A

Found between the ribs. As they contract the ribs are pulled outward and upward increasing the chest volume and contribute to inspiration

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29
Q

What determines the movement of gases into and out of the lungs?

A

A pressure difference between the atmosphere and the chest cavity

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30
Q

What is the relationship between pressure and volume?

A

They are inversely proportionate

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31
Q

Which way does gas move?

A

From high pressure to low pressure

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32
Q

What controls and regulates pressure inside the chest?

A

The diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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33
Q

What are the two ways the muscles control and regulate pressure inside the chest?

A

Inhale and exhale

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34
Q

What happens during an inhale?

A

The muscle contracts, the diaphragm flattens, ribcage lifts, increasing the chest volume, decreasing the pleural pressure; results in air moving into the lungs during inspiration; increased volume + decreased pressure

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35
Q

What happens during an exhale?

A

The muscle relaxes, the diaphragm becomes dome shaped, ribcage falls, decreasing the chest volume and increasing pleural pressure; results in air moving out of the lungs during exhalation; decreased volume + increased pressure

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36
Q

What does the diaphragm separate in order to regulate the pressure in the chest cavity?

A

The thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

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37
Q

During inspiration the intercostal muscles contract causing the ribs to move in which directions?

A

Up and out

38
Q

During inspiration the diaphragm contracts causing it to move in which direction?

A

Downwards

39
Q

During inspiration what happens to the volume of the chest cavity and lungs?

A

Increases

40
Q

During inspiration what happens to the pressure in the chest cavity?

A

Decreases; lower than the atmospheric pressure

41
Q

During inspiration in what way does the air move?

A

Air moves into the lungs

42
Q

During expiration the intercostal the intercostal muscles relax causing the ribs to move in which directions?

A

Down and in

43
Q

During expiration the diaphragm relaxes causing it to move in which direction?

A

Upwards/dome shaped

44
Q

During expiration what happens to the volume of the chest cavity and lungs?

A

Decreases

45
Q

During expiration what happens to the pressure in the chest cavity?

A

Increases; higher than the atmospheric pressure

46
Q

During expiration in what way does the air move?

A

Air moves out of the lungs

47
Q

What is the problem with a collapsed lung (stab wound)?

A

No pressure difference/equillibrium

48
Q

What are the effects of high altitudes?

A

There is a low atmospheric pressure (thin air) therefore less O2 available, more air will be taken in (if pressure is too low the O2 cannot pass into alveoli), lose conciousness

49
Q

Due to oxygen being only slightly soluble in the blood, what must it do in order to be transported?

A

Bind to hemoglobin (becomes oxyhemoglobin)

50
Q

How much oxygen can blood carry as oxyhemoglobin?

A

20mL/100mL of oxygen

51
Q

What does the amount of oxygen that combines with hemoglobin depend on?

A

The partial pressures of oxygen in the blood and in the tissues

52
Q

What percentage of oxygen is transported by oxyhemoglobin?

A

97%

53
Q

What percentage of oxygen is transported by plasma?

A

3%

54
Q

What percentage of CO2 is carried in the plasma?

A

9%

55
Q

What percentage of CO2 is carried as carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)?

A

27%

56
Q

What percentage of CO2 is carried as carbonic acid or bicarbonate?

A

64%

57
Q

What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

58
Q

What does this reaction do?

A

Decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the plasma, thus increasing the rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide from the cells to the blood

59
Q

Once the blood is returned back to the lungs, what happens to the concentration of carbonic acid?

A

Becomes very high

60
Q

What does the high concentration of carbonic acid encourage?

A

The diffusion of carbon dioxide out of the blood into the lungs

61
Q

What happens to the oxygen in the alveoli when you inhale?

A

There is more oxygen in the alveoli than in the blood when you inhale

62
Q

What happens to the oxygen in the alveoli?

A

Diffuses into the blood across the alveolar membranes

63
Q

What transports the diffused oxygen?

A

In RBC’s as oxyhemoglobin or through the plasma

64
Q

What happens to the oxyhemoglobin carried by the blood vessels?

A

Diffuses into cells at the capillary

65
Q

What happens to the carbon dioxide when you exhale?

A

There is more carbon dioxide in the blood than in the alveoli

66
Q

What happens to the carbon dioxide when you exhale?

A

The CO2 diffuses across the alveolar membranes into the alvoli

67
Q

What is the CO2 transported as?

A

Plasma, carbaminohemoglobin, or carbonic acid and bicarbonate

68
Q

Where do bicarbonate ions travel?

A

In the plasma

69
Q

What type of function is breathing?

A

An autonomic function

70
Q

What controls breathing?

A

Nerves from the medulla oblongata and the pons

71
Q

What detects the levels of carbon dioxide (acid) and oxygen in the blood?

A

Chemoreceptors

72
Q

What do chemoreceptors signal the brain to do?

A

Speed up (hyperventilate) or slow down (hypo-ventilate)

73
Q

What are the two types of chemoreceptors?

A

CO2 receptors and O2 receptors

74
Q

What are always looked at first?

A

CO2 receptors

75
Q

When are CO2 receptors activated?

A

When high levels of Co2 or H2CO3 (carbonic acid) are found in the blood

76
Q

When CO2 receptors are activated what do they do?

A

Send nerve impulses to the ribs and diaphragm to increase breathing movements (hyperventilation)

77
Q

Where are oxygen receptors found?

A

In the carotid and aortic bodies in arteries

78
Q

What do O2 receptors do if low levels of O2 are detected?

A

Send a message to increase big deep breaths (hypo-ventilation)

79
Q

What is the purpose of hyperventilation?

A

Gets rid of CO2

80
Q

What is the purpose of hypo-ventilation?

A

Gains back lots of O2

81
Q

What is spirometry?

A

Measuring lung volume

82
Q

What can be used to measure lung capacity?

A

A respirometer

83
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air expired or inspired during normal breathing; about 500mL

84
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be expired after maximum inspiration; about 4500mL

85
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The remaining volume of air that cannot be forcibly expired; about 1200mL

86
Q

Why is residual volume important?

A

Maintains breathing rates since this air is high in carbon dioxide

87
Q

What can the respiratory system be compared to?

A

A big tree; the trachea is the trunk, the bronchi are the branches, the bronchioles are even smaller branches, and the site of gas exchange is the alveoli or the leaves

88
Q

What is the order of the respiratory system during an inhale?

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Epiglottis
  4. Larynx
  5. Trachea
  6. Bronchi
  7. Bronchioles
  8. Alveoli
89
Q

What is the order of the respiratory system during an exhale?

A
  1. Alveoli
  2. Bronchioles
  3. Bronchi
  4. Trachea
  5. Larynx
  6. Epiglottis
  7. Pharynx
  8. Nose
90
Q

What causes oxygen to unbound from hemoglobin at capillaries and tissues?

A

The acidic environment that is around tissues, muscles, organs, etc.

Bio 20 (13 decks)

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