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Bio 20 > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal

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2
Q

Where are cardiac muscles found?

A

The heart

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3
Q

What type of contraction occurs in cardiac muscles?

A

Involuntary contraction

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4
Q

What controls the cardiac muscles?

A

Nerves of the autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

Are cardiac muscles striated or not?

A

Striated

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6
Q

What is the cardiac muscle, meaning that it is self-excitable stimulating contraction without a required electrical impulse coming from the central nervous system?

A

Myogenic

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7
Q

Where are smooth muscles found?

A

The lining of many organs and in hollow parts of the body

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8
Q

What are some organs that smooth muscles are found in?

A

Stomach, esophagus, uterus, and walls of blood vessels

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9
Q

What type of contraction occurs in smooth muscles?

A

Involuntary contraction

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10
Q

Are smooth muscles striated or not?

A

Non-Striated

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11
Q

What are skeletal muscles?

A

Muscles that are attached to bone

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12
Q

What type of contraction occurs in skeletal muscles?

A

Voluntary contraction

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13
Q

What controls the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles?

A

The somatic nervous system

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14
Q

What attaches skeletal muscles to bones?

A

Tendons

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15
Q

What is 80% of all energy used in muscle contraction lost as?

A

Heat

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16
Q

Are skeletal muscles striated or not?

A

Striated

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17
Q

What happens to muscles when they contract?

A

Shorten

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18
Q

What happens to muscles when they relax?

A

Lengthen

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19
Q

What sends excitatory or inhibitory nerve impulses to the skeletal muscles, causing them to either contract or relax?

A

The central nervous system

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20
Q

Skeletal muscles are composed of many bundles of cells called what?

A

Fibres

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21
Q

What are the fibres enclosed within?

A

A membrane called sarcolemma

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22
Q

What is within the muscle fibre that are bundled together?

A

Myofilaments

23
Q

What are the two main types of myofilament?

A

Thin myofilament and thick myofilament

24
Q

What is thin myofilament composed of?

A

Actin (light bands)

25
Q

What is thick myofilament composed of?

A

Composed of myosin (dark bands)

26
Q

These two types of myofilaments overlap to produce what type of appearance?

A

Striated

27
Q

What is released from a nerve to the muscles, signalling contraction?

A

A neurotransmitter

28
Q

What does the muscles cell’s endoplasmic reticulum release near the actin?

A

Calcium (Ca2+ ions)

29
Q

What do the calcium ions attach to?

A

The actin

30
Q

What is allowed to attach to the actin after the the calcium ions?

A

Myosin

31
Q

What is formed when myosin attaches to actin?

A

Actin-myosin cross-bridge

32
Q

The actin and myosin continually attach and de-attach over and over, with each re-attachment of the actin what happens to the muscles?

A

The muscle fibres get pulled closer together carrying on until full contraction of the muscles occurs

33
Q

Calcium ions also start the break down of ATP, which allows the actin to do what?

A

De-attach each time from the myosin and also provides energy for the reaction to occur (when ATP is broken down energy is given off)

34
Q

What occurs if no ATP is present?

A

Rigor mortis

35
Q

When does rigor mortis occur?

A

After death; myosin and actin stay attached leaving the muscles fully contracted

36
Q

What is muscle soreness, fatigue, burning, tightness, etc. attributed to?

A

Due to the fact that very little ATP can be stored in the muscle tissue; as a result Aerobic CR constantly provides/replenishes most of the energy in the form of ATP

37
Q

As soon as the ATP is used up and converted back to ADP, what compound ensures all ADP is converted back to ATP?

A

Creatine phosphate

38
Q

What is a supplement used by athletes to increase muscle strength?

A

Creatine

39
Q

When will fatigue occur?

A

If ATP demands can not be met

40
Q

What happens that causes fatigue?

A

Lactic acid begins to build up, muscles tighten up, and fatigue takes over

41
Q

What is atrophy?

A

The reduction in size, tone and power of a muscle due to decreased use and stimulation; can eventually lead to permanent loss of muscle function

42
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

An exercise-induced increase in muscle mass resulting from an increase in the size of individual muscle fibres

43
Q

Does atrophy and hypertrophy result in a change in the number if muscle fibres?

A

No

44
Q

What is a muscle twitch?

A

A muscular contraction that lasts for a fraction of a second

45
Q

What is the latent stage?

A

Time between stimulus and initiation of the contraction; 1

46
Q

What is the contraction stage?

A

Time it takes for the muscle fibres to shorten; Ca2+; 2

47
Q

What is the relaxation stage?

A

Time it takes for the muscle to return to its regular length; ATP; 3

48
Q

What are slow-twitch fibres?

A

Fibres that contract slowly and resist fatigue because they are surrounded by more blood vessels and have more mitochondria; aerobic

49
Q

What are fast twitch-fibres?

A

Fibres that contract quickly to give more power, but depend upon aerobic energy production. They are rich in glycogen, and have fewer mitochondria and blood vessels surrounding them; anaerobic

50
Q

What type of training impacts slow-twitch fibres?

A

Endurance training; no impact on size

51
Q

What type of training impacts fast-twitch fibres?

A

Strength/resistance training; thickens

52
Q

What is tetanus?

A

A state of constant muscle contraction

53
Q

What are muscle spasms?

A

Involuntary contraction of a muscle, often caused by a pinched nerve

Bio 20 (13 decks)

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