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Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is excretion?

A

The process by which the body ride itself of metabolic wastes

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2
Q

What are the major contributors of the excretory system and their roles?

A
  1. The lungs eliminate carbon dioxide
  2. The large intestine eliminates toxic digestive wastes
  3. The liver changes toxic and products of protein metabolism into soluble compounds that the kidney can collect and eliminate
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3
Q

What is the process that converts protein to carbohydrates?

A

Deamination

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4
Q

How does deamination produce a carbohydrate and ammonia (a toxic gas)?

A

The removal of an amino group from amino acids

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5
Q

What is produced when two molecules of toxic ammonia react with carbon dioxide?

A

Urea

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6
Q

How many times less toxic is urea than ammonia?

A

About 100,000x

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7
Q

What can be done with urea?

A

Can be safely transported through the bloodstream

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8
Q

What are nucleus acids broken down into?

A

Uric acid

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9
Q

What can excess uric acid cause?

A

Kidney stones or gout

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10
Q

What are the 4 roles of the kidneys?

A
    1. Removal of poisonous nitrogenous wastes
      1. Maintenance of blood pH
      2. Maintenance of water balance
      3. Maintenance of blood pressure
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11
Q

What is blood carried to the kidneys from?

A

Renal arteries (branch off the aorta)

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12
Q

How much blood can the kidneys hold?

A

As much as 25% of the entire blood supply

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13
Q

Where are wastes taken to after being filtered by the kidneys?

A

The urinary bladder via the ureters

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14
Q

What is the muscle at the base of the urinary bladder that acts as a valve?

A

The sphincter muscle

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15
Q

When the sphincter muscle relaxes, where is stored urine released?

A

Through the urethra

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16
Q

When the bladder is about 200mL full of urine, what happens?

A

The signal to urinate is relayed to the brain

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17
Q

What are the three major structures of the kidney?

A
  1. The cortex
  2. The medulla
  3. The renal pelvis
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18
Q

What are ureters?

A

Tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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19
Q

What does the renal artery do?

A

Delivers blood back to the kidney (dirty blood)

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20
Q

What does the renal vein do?

A

Sends blood back to the body (clean blood)

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21
Q

What are renal calyces?

A

Outer extensions of the renal pelvis that filter blood

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22
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Outer layer of connective tissue

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23
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Inner layer beneath the cortex, hold the major part of the nephron

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24
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

Hollow chamber that joins the kidney with the ureter

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25
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

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26
Q

How many nephrons are there?

A

About one million

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27
Q

What are nephrons (generic)?

A

Slender tubules

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28
Q

What supplies blood to nephrons (branch from the renal artery)?

A

Afferent arterioles

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29
Q

What do afferent arterioles lead into?

A

A high pressure capillary bed; the glomerulus

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30
Q

What occurs in the glomerulus?

A

Filtration

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31
Q

What does blood leave the glomerulus through?

A

Efferent arterioles

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32
Q

Where is blood carried to from the efferent arterioles?

A

A capillary network (2nd set of capillaries); the peritubular capillaries

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33
Q

What do peritubular capillaries wrap around?

A

The kidney tubule

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34
Q

Where is blood transferred to from the peritubular capillaries?

A

The renal vein

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35
Q

Where is blood transferred to from the renal vein?

A

The venous blood system (veins)

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36
Q

What is another name for the filtrate pathway?

A

Urine pathway

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37
Q

What is the glomerulus surrounded by?

A

Bowman’s capsule; a cup-like portion of the nephron

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38
Q

What does the cortex contain?

A

Bowman’s capsule, afferent and efferent arterioles

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39
Q

Where do fluids that are to be processed into urine enter?

A

Bowman’s capsule from the glomerulus

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40
Q

Where so fluids move after Bowman’s capsule?

A
  1. The proximal tubule (loop of henle)
  2. Distal tubule
  3. Collecting duct
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41
Q

What does the collecting duct do?

A

Collects urine from many different nephrons and merges into the renal pelvis

42
Q

What three things does the formation of urine depend on?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Re-absorption
  3. Secretion
43
Q

How is filtration accomplished/steps of filtration?

A
  • Through the movement of fluid into Bowman’s capsule

- Afferent arteriole carries blood to the glomerulus (small dissolved solutes and water pass into Bowman’s capsule)

44
Q

What allows only some substances to filtered in the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Pressure gradient (low pressure in B.c.)

45
Q

What are too big to pass through Bowman’s capsule?

A

Plasma proteins, RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets

46
Q

What is the “back-up” to filtration?

A

Re-absorption

47
Q

What does re-absorption involve?

A

The transfer of essential solutes and water from the nephron back into the blood

48
Q

Why is re-absorption so important?

A

Very important in maintaining the body’s water balance

49
Q

Where does re-absorption occur?

A

Mostly in the proximal tubule, with some in the distal tubule (minor solutes)

50
Q

Where does most water re-absorption occur?

A

The descending limb of the loop of henle

51
Q

What are most substances re-absorbed through?

A

Passive diffusion

52
Q

What is actively transported out of the nephron?

A

Na+; sodium

53
Q

What follow sodium by charge attraction?

A

Cl- and HCO3-

54
Q

What might also diffuse out but will be re-absorbed later, creating the need for secretion?

A

Urea and uric acid

55
Q

Re-absorption occurs until when?

A

A threshold level of a substance is reached

56
Q

What will not be re-absorbed into the blood, instead being excreted in the urine?

A

Excess amounts of glucose and salts

57
Q

When is the only time particles move back into the blood stream?

A

If they are low in concentration

58
Q

When will particles stop moving back?

A

When threshold/equilibrium is met

59
Q

What is the “back-up” to re-absorption (backup to the backup)?

A

Secretion

60
Q

What does tubular secretion involve?

A

The movement of materials from the blood back into the nephron

61
Q

How are nitrogenous wastes, histamines, excess H+, minerals, drugs, penicillin, etc. removed from the body?

A

By the cells in the distal tubule

62
Q

How do cells in the distal tubule remove these substances?

A

Actively transport these substances back to the nephron

63
Q

What does the distal tubule contain in order to maintain this high energy demand?

A

Lots of mitochondria

64
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

Anti-Diuretic Hormone

65
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Helps regulate the osmotic pressure of body fluids

66
Q

How does ADH regulate osmotic pressure?

A

Causes the kidneys to increase water re-absorption

67
Q

What does the increased water re-absorption do?

A

Produces more concentrated urine

68
Q

What does ADH do to the distal tubules?

A

Makes them more permeable to the last 15% of water that can be re-absorbed into the blood

69
Q

How can you tell ADH has been released in your body?

A

Your urine is in low volume and is highly concentrated (dark yellow)

70
Q

What detect changes in osmotic pressure of the blood?

A

Osmoreceptors

71
Q

What do osmoreceptors do control?

A

They stimulate or inhibit the secretion of ADH

72
Q

What response do osmoreceptors elicit?

A

Thirst response, inspire you to increase fluid consumption

73
Q

Where are osmoreceptors located?

A

The hypothalamus in the brain

74
Q

What substances decrease the release of ADH?

A

Alcohol and caffeine

75
Q

What does the decreased release of ADH cause?

A

Increased urine output and dehydration

76
Q

How do kidneys regulate blood pressure?

A

Regulate the amount of fluid in the blood

77
Q

What hormone acts on the nephrons to increase sodium re-absorption from the distal tubule back into the blood?

A

Aldosterone

78
Q

What will follow sodium, causing the blood volume to increase?

A

Chloride ions and water

79
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted?

A

Adrenal cortex (just above the kidney)

80
Q

What detects a drop in blood pressure?

A

The juxtaglomerular apparatus (near the glomerulus)

81
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?

A

Causes the release of liver proteins, angiotensinogen and rennin

82
Q

What does angiotensinogen and rennin do?

A

Stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland

83
Q

What mostly controls the pH balance?

A

The distal tubule

84
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Caused by the inadequate production of insulin from the pancreas

85
Q

What happens without insulin?

A

Blood glucose levels are extremely high and excess glucose remains in the nephron

86
Q

What does the high osmotic gradient prevent?

A

Prevent water re-absorption and increases urine production

87
Q

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus?

A

Type I and type II

88
Q

What is type I diabetes mellitus?

A

The inability to produce insulin, degeneration of beta cells; (genetic)

89
Q

What is type II diabetes mellitus?

A

Decreased insulin production or ineffective use of insulin; (lifestyle)

90
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

Caused by inadequate production of ADH

91
Q

Without ADH what happens?

A

Urine input increases dramatically; extremely thirsty

92
Q

What is nephritis/Bright’s Disease?

A

Inflammation of the nephrons

93
Q

What is a common sympton of nephritis?

A

Protein in the urine

94
Q

What does the osmotic gradient have to do with nephritis?

A

The osmotic gradient causes an increase in urine production

95
Q

What can nephritis lead to?

A

Irreversible kidney damage and eventual kidney failure

96
Q

What are kidney stones?

A

Caused by the precipitation of mineral solutes from the blood

97
Q

Where do kidney stones lodge?

A

In the renal pelvis or ureter, cause major pain and bleeding

98
Q

How can kidney stones be removed?

A

Surgery or by using ultrasonic waves that blast the stones into smaller fragments

99
Q

What is dialysis?

A

Used for patients whose kidneys no longer function properly

100
Q

What is hemodialysis?

A

A machine is connected to the patient’s circulatory system by a vein. Blood is pumped through a series of semi-permeable tubes submerged in solutes that remove wasted from the blood

101
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

Is done through the lining of the abdominal cavity. A catheter tube is inserted and solution is fed into the abdominal cavity for two to six hours. This fluid collects waste from the body and is drained from the catheter when the process is complete

Bio 20 (13 decks)

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