Respiratory System

Question 1

Earth’s atmosphere

Answer 1

78% = nitrogen
21% = oxygen
1% = other gases (CO2)

Question 2

Breathing

Answer 2

movement of air from environment into body

Question 3

Respiration

Answer 3

• exchange of O2 for CO2 between cells and environment

- O2 is exchanged across respiratory membrane (via diffusion

Question 4

External Respiration

Answer 4

exchange of gases between lungs and circulatory system

Question 5

Internal Respiration

Answer 5

exchange of gases between circulatory system and tissues

Question 6

Breathing > ________>________>________

Answer 6

Breathing > external respiration > internal respiration > cellular respiration

Question 7

Air enters body through:

Answer 7

• mouth

- nasal cavities

Question 8

Nasal Cavities

Answer 8

• contains cilia and mucus

- warms, moistens and filters air

Question 9

Pharynx (aka throat)

Answer 9

• passages from nose to mouth come together

- branches at back of throat into trachea and esophagus

Question 10

Trachea (aka windpipe)

Answer 10

• contains mucus-producing cells
• traps particles not trapped by nasal passage
• surrounded and supported by bands of cartilage to keep it open and prevent it from collapsing

Question 11

Larynx (aka voice box)

Answer 11

• enlarged cartilage (supports epiglottis by covering glottis (opening to trachea) during swallowing)
• contains vocal cords

Question 12

Vocal cords in Larynx

Answer 12

• made of two thin sheets of elastic ligaments
  
  • different sounds produced by tension of ligaments as air passes by
  • at puberty, cartilage of pharynx and vocal cords increases in size and thickness
  • inflammation of vocal cords= lower frequency vibrations

Question 13

Bronchi

Answer 13

• branches from trachea > lungs > bronchioles

- surrounded by cartilage

Question 14

Bronchioles

Answer 14

• lack cartilage
• Smooth muscle
• from bronchioles, air > tiny sacs (alveoli)

Question 15

Alveoli

Answer 15

• tiny sacs
• each lung has 150 million alveoli
• surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange (site for gas exchange)

Question 16

Diffusion of gasses in alveoli

Answer 16

• O2 moves from within alveoli to capillaries

- CO2 moves from capillaries to inside of alveoli

Question 17

During exhalation in Alveoli

Answer 17

• tiny alveoli collapse
• membranes touch
• don’t stick bcs of film of fat and protein (lipoprotein)
• during inhalation they reopen

Question 18

Respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 18

not enough lipoprotein so people have trouble opening their alveoli upon inhalation

Question 19

Pleural membrane

Answer 19

• surrounds outer surface of lungs and inner wall of chest cavity
• space between pleural membrane is fluid filled
• prevents friction during inhalation

Question 20

Gas moves from ___ to ___ pressure

Answer 20

high to low pressure

Question 21

Inhalation

Answer 21

pressure in lungs is lower than pressure in atmosphere

Question 22

Exhalation

Answer 22

Pressure in lungs is higher than pressure of atmosphere

Question 23

Diaphragm

Answer 23

• dome shaped muscle
• separates organs of thorax (chest) from abdominal cavity
• regulates pressure in lungs

Question 24

During inhalation (diaphragm, intercostals, volume, pressure, air)

Answer 24

• diaphragm contracts pulling downwards
• intercostals contract, ribs up and out
• volume is increased
• pressure in lungs decreased
• air goes in

Question 25

During exhalation (diaphragm, intercostals, volume, pressure, air)

Answer 25

- diaphragm relaxes pulling upwards - intercostals relax and ribs move down and in - volume decreases - pressure in lungs increase - air goes out

Question 26

Pneumothorax

Answer 26

- collapsed lung - hole in chest cavity - pressure difference between inside and out is less - air flow in lungs is affected

Question 27

Rib Muscles (intercostal muscles)

Answer 27

- double layer of muscles between ribs - external layer - inner layer - pleural membrane- surrounds lungs

Question 28

External layer (intercostal muscle)

Answer 28

lifts ribs up and out (inhale)

Question 29

Inner layer (intercostal muscle)

Answer 29

Ribs move down and in (exhale)

Question 30

Medulla Oblongata (CO2)

Answer 30

- controls breathing movements - CO2 dissolves in blood and combines w/ H2O to form H2CO3 - contains chemoreceptors - activated chemoreceptors > medulla oblongata sends msg to intercostal muscles and diaphragm> increases breathing movements - CO2 lvls fall = inactive chemoreceptors

Question 31

Aortic Arteries (O2)

Answer 31

- low lvls of O2 stimulate chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic arteries > msgs to medulla oblongata > activates intercostal muscles and diaphragm > increased breathing movements

Question 32

____ receptors more sensitive to changes in blood chem than ___ receptors (CO2 or O2)

Answer 32

CO2, O2 | - O2 receptors are backup

Question 33

3 factors increase ventilation

Answer 33

- Decreased O2 - Increased CO2 - Increased H+

Question 34

Brain response to exercise

Answer 34

receives info from blood about CO2 and H+ lvls. Nerve msg sent to diaphragm

Question 35

Lung response to exercise

Answer 35

increased ventilation restores O2 and loses CO2

Question 36

Kidney response to exercise

Answer 36

removes excess H+ from blood into urine> poops excess H+

Question 37

Muscles response to exercise

Answer 37

increased muscle movement prevents CO2 build up and excess H+. Increased O2 demand of muscles lowers blood O2 because muscles take in O2

Question 38

Adrenal Glands response to exercise

Answer 38

adrenaline is released in response to exercise. hormone causes breathing rate to increase

Question 39

Tidal Volume

Answer 39

Normal body volume at rest (500mL)

Question 40

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 40

Additional volume inhaled after tidal inhalation

Question 41

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 41

Additional volume exhaled after tidal exhalation

Question 42

Vital Capacity

Answer 42

Total lung volume/capacity, TV+IR+ER

Question 43

Residual Volume

Answer 43

Remaining air after full exhalation, prevents lungs from | collapsing

Question 44

What happens to CO2 in blood

Answer 44

1. binds w/ water to create H2CO3 2. H2CO3 -> H + HCO3 3. Hydrogen ion binds with hemoglobin 4. HCO3 diffuses into plasma then carried to lungs 5. reaction reversed in lungs to form CO2 (exhale) 6. H+HCO3 -> H2CO3 7. H2CO3 -> CO2 + H2O (exhale)

Question 45

How is O2 transported into blood?

Answer 45

- 99% carried by hemoglobin | - 1% by plasma

Question 46

How is CO2 transported into blood?

Answer 46

- 23% carried by hemoglobin - 7% by plasma - 70% dissolved in blood as bicarbonate (HCO3)