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Biology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Epiglottis

A

The epiglottis is a flap made of cartilage in charge of sealing off the windpipe in case food is accidentally inhaled.

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2
Q

Esophagus

A

The esophagus connects the mouth to stomach and carries liquids and foods to the stomach.

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3
Q

Stomach

A

The stomach secretes acid and enzymes that help in chemical digestion and churning of the stomach muscles allow physical digestion to occur as well. This is where food is digested and stored. Food that go in and out of the stomach are controlled by the LES and pyloric sphincter.

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4
Q

LES

A

The LES (Lower Esophageal Sphincter) lies at the end of the esophagus contracting and relaxing it to open or close to allow food to enter the stomach. It also controls the food and acid that goes back into the esophagus.

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5
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

The pyloric sphincter allows food from the stomach to enter the duodenum.The pyloric sphincter also prevents the regurgitation of digested foods and gastric juices.

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6
Q

Duodenum

A

The duodenum is part of the small intestine that receives partially digested foods from the stomach through the pylorus.

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7
Q

Liver

A

The liver processes the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Secretion of bile from liver enters the small intestine and helps in the digestion of fats. It also breaks down hemoglobin giving feces a brown color, converts glycogen to glucose (and vice versa), stores glycogen and vitamins, and detoxifies harmful substances by making them soluble so it can dissolve in blood and be eliminated in urine.

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8
Q

Gallbladder

A

The gallbladder stores bile from the liver until it is needed to digest fats

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9
Q

Pancreas

A

The pancreas converts our digested foods into fuel for our bodies cells. Enzymes are also secreted by the pancreas into the small intestines.

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10
Q

Small intestines

A

Majority of digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestines. The main function of the small intestines is absorbing minerals and nutrients from food.

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11
Q

Villi

A

The small intestine is in charge of absorb nutrients whereas the villi provide support by increasing the surface area the intestines have for absorption. Each villus has a microvilli which further increases the surface area and a capillary network and lymph vessels called lacteals.

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12
Q

Lacteals

A

Lacteals transport products of fat digestion into bloodstream.

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13
Q

Large Intestines

A

The large intestines are responsible for reabsorbing water and salts, minerals and vitamins. As well as housing bacteria and remaining waste materials are stored as feces.

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14
Q

Rectum

A

The rectum stores feces. Bacteria continue the fermentation of fecal matter that began in the colon and liberate some remaining nutrients that are absorbed by the rectal walls.

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15
Q

Mucus

A

Mucus is used as a lubricant for materials. A layer of mucus on the inner lines of the stomach protect the organs from acids (HCl).

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16
Q

Feces

A

Also known as excrement. solid bodily waste discharged from the large intestine

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17
Q

Perstalisis

A

Peristalsis moves food around the digestive system by contractions. It also moves bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum, and urine from the kidneys into the bladder.

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18
Q

HCl

A
  • Hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen into pepsin and kills harmful substances in the body.
  • Contributes to digestion of proteins by providing hydrogen ions which activates pepsinogen into an active form of pepsin. Proteins soon after are reduced for the creation of amino acids and peptides. Without HCL being secreted, large pieces of proteins enter the small intestines which leads to an inefficient digestive system.
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19
Q

Bile Salts

A
  • Bile salts are contained in bile fluid that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, bile salts are released when it is triggered by CCK.
  • The bile salts that are released break down fat globules into smaller droplets which increase the surface area for chemical digestion.
  • Cholesterol is a binding site for bile salts
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20
Q

Carbohydrate Digestion includes:

A
  • Amylase (Twice)

- Disaccharide Enzyme

21
Q

Mouth Amylase

A

As you are chewing your food, salivary glands produce saliva which contains the enzyme salivary amylase, which then starts the breakdown of starch into simpler carbohydrates.

22
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

A

The pancreas also releases the enzyme amylase, but it is called pancreatic amylase. This enzyme further breaks down the small chains of carbohydrates into disaccharides.

23
Q

Dissacharide Enzyme

A

This enzyme completes the chemical digestion of carbohydrates. The small intestine releases the enzymes, lactase, maltase, and sucrase that breakdown the disaccharides into monosaccharides which are absorbed in the small intestine.

24
Q

Absorption of Carbohydrates

A

After digestion, the monosaccharides are absorbed into the small intestine and sent to the liver by blood and into the bloodstream.

25
Q

Pepsin

A

Is in charge of the digestion of proteins. Pepsin breaks down long chains of amino acids into smaller chains called polypeptides. Proteolytic enzymes help the bonds with other types of amino acids.

26
Q

Trypsinogen

A

Trypsinogen is converted into trypsin via enterokinase. It functions as an inactive form of trypsin and is stored in the pancreas. Trypsinogen is released when required for protein digestion.

27
Q

Trypsin

A

Trypsin is an enzyme in charge for the digestion of proteins and breakdown polypeptides into peptides. Trypsin is an active form of trypsinogen which is activated by an enzyme called enterokinase.

28
Q

Erepsin

A

Erepsin is a protein fraction found in the intestinal juices and contains a group of enzymes that break down peptides into amino acids. Erepsin is created in the pancreas and works on proteins that have been already broken down; it breaks it down into amino acids.

29
Q

Absorption of Proteins

A

The amino acids from protein digestion is absorbed through the walls of the small intestines. Amino acids and other nutrients travel through folds called intestinal villi into the bloodstream.

30
Q

What makes Lipid Digestion different?

A

Since they have a non-polar nature, they cannot be dissolved in water

31
Q

Pancreatic Lipases

A

breaks down fat into fatty acids and glycerol.

32
Q

Phospholipases

A

breaks down phospholipids into fatty acids and other substances (released form pancreas)

33
Q

CCK (cholecystokinin)

A

This is a hormone that is released by the small intestine when fat is present. It is carried to the gallbladder by bloodstream which then triggers the release of bile salts.

34
Q

Enterogastrone

A
  • A hormone that slows down peristalsis in the small intestine so that there is more time for fat digestion and absorption.
  • This hormone is transported through the bloodstream to the glands and muscles of the stomach
  • Reduces the amount of acid so that it slows down how fast the stomach emptying. If there is more acid, it allows more food passage because the valve between the stomach and intestine are relaxed.
35
Q

Absorption of Lipids

A

The fats are absorbed into the villi and then moved to the lacteals where they transport the products of fat digestion into the bloodstream.

36
Q

Protein Digestion includes:

A
  • HCl
  • Pepsin
  • Trypsinogen
  • Trypsin
  • Enterokinase
  • Erepsin
37
Q

Lipid Digestion includes:

A
  • Pancreatic Lipases
  • Phospholipases
  • CCK (cholecystokinin)
  • Enterogastrone
38
Q

Mechanical (Physical) Digestion

A

Breaking down food by chewing food into smaller pieces to increase surface area for chemical digestion.

39
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Breaking down food using enzymes.

40
Q

How does the Small Intestine deal w/ Acidicty

A

When food enters the small intestine, it triggers the conversion of prosecretin into secretin which is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the pancreas. The pancreas releases bicarbonate ions which are carried to the small intestine to neutralize the HCl so that the pH is raised from 2.5 to 9.

41
Q

Four components of Digestive Process

A
  1. Injestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Elimination
42
Q

Injestion

A

Taking in of nutrients

43
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down complex organic molecules (carbs, lipids, proteins) into smaller components by enzymes

44
Q

Absorption

A

Transport of digested nutrients to cells of the body

45
Q

Elimination

A

Removal of food waste from body

46
Q

Gastrin

A

Released in response to stretch in stomach, stomach releases more HCl

47
Q

Enzymes involved w/ Digestion and for which

A

Carbs:

  • Salivary Amylase
  • Pancreatic Amylase
  • Dissacharide Enzyme

Protein:

  • Enterokinase
  • Erepsin
  • Pepsin
  • Trypsin

Lipids:

  • Pancreatic Lipases
  • Phospholipases
48
Q

Hormones involved w/ Digestion

A
  • Gastrin
  • Secretin
  • Trypsinogen
  • Enterogastrone
  • CCK

Biology (9 decks)

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