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Anat final > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

main funtions

A
  • air movement- in and out of lungs

- exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) b/w lungs and blood

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2
Q

2 sub divisions

A

upper and lower respiratory system

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3
Q

upper repsiratory system

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

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4
Q

lower respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

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5
Q

lined with ?

A

mucosa (with one exception)

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6
Q

all have what type of tissue?

A

epithelial and CT
(epithelial tissue for most=ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells)
(connective tissue layer of all mucosae= lamina propria)

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7
Q

what does cilia do?

A

sweep mucus to esophagus where swallowed

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8
Q

respiratory system structures

A 
nose 
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx (throat)
larynx (voice box)
trachea
bronchial tree
lungs
respiratory membrane
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9
Q

nose

A

supported by bone and hyaline cartilage

nostrils=nares

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10
Q

nasal cavity funtions

A
  1. airway passage (warm and moisten air)
  2. olfaction
  3. speech (resonance chamber)
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11
Q

nasal cavity divided by

A 
nasal septum
(anterior part=hyaline cart
posterior part=vomer, ethmoid, maxillae, palatine bones)
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12
Q

nasal cavity three areas

A
  1. vestibule
  2. respiratory area
  3. olfactory area
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13
Q

vestibule

A

anterior region

lined by skin with coarse hairs

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14
Q

respiratory area

A

posterior region
-mucosa=ciliated pseudostratifed epithelium and CT
-conchae protrude from walls : superior, middle (both part of ethmoid), inferior (separate bone)
-inferior to each conchae = a nasal meatus (shallow groove)
-conchae and meatuses cause air turbulence to knock out dust
-lacrimal duct opens into cavity (just below inferior nasal concha)
(tears into nasal cavity)

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15
Q

olfactory area

A

sense of smell
roof of cavity
neurons - olfactory receptors

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16
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

8 air filled spaces in skull

  • paired left and right spaces in: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae
  • open directly into nasal cavity
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17
Q

paranasal sinuses function

A

warm, moisten air

lighten skull

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18
Q

paranasal sinusitis

A

inflammation of mucous membrane

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19
Q

pharynx (throat)

A

-skeletal muscle lined by mucous membrane

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20
Q

pharynx has three regions

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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21
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • posterior to nasal cavity

- air passage only

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22
Q

nasopharynx contains

A
  • pharyngeal tonsil
    opening:
  • 2 posterior nasal apertures
  • 2 pharyngotympanic (eustachian tubes)
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23
Q

oropharynx

A

posterior to oral cavity

  • air and food passage
  • stratified squamous epithelium (abraision)
  • from soft palate to epiglottis
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24
Q

oropharynx contains:

A

palatine tonsils

lingual tonsils

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25
Q

laryngopharynx

A

air and food passage

  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • from epiglottis to opening of larynx
26
Q

larynx (voice box)

A

air passage only
made of 9 cartilages
-all hyaline cartilages (except epiglottis)
3 unpaired cartilages and 3 paired cartilage
-vocal chords = 2 paired folds in the mucosa
-contains glottis and laryngitis

27
Q

unpaired cartilage in larynx

A
  • thyroid cartilage (on anterioir wall=adams apple)
  • cricoid cartilage (forms complete ring)
  • epiglottis (covers glottis during swallowing, elastic cartilage)
28
Q

paired cartilage

A
  • arytenoid - attached vocal chords

- dont need to know other two

29
Q

vocal chords = 2 paired folds in the mucosa

A
  1. vestibular fold
    - false vocal chords
    - superior fold
  2. vocal fold
    - true vocal chords
    - produce sound by vibration
30
Q

glottis

A

true vocal chords plus opening

closes to prevent food and liquid from entering trachea

31
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of larynx

-can arise from infection, irritation

32
Q

trachea

A

-connects larynx to main bronci
-anterior to esophagus
-consists of 20 c-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage
(open part of C faces esophagus- permits expansion of esophagus)

33
Q

bronchial tree

A

refer to page 4
-main bronci=alveolar ducts
epithelium of mucosa shows gradual change

34
Q

lungs right and left separated by

A

mediastinum

35
Q

right lung

A

3 lobes

superior, middle, inferior

36
Q

left lung

A

2 lobes
superior and inferior
-has cardiac notch (where heart lies)

37
Q

lungs parts

A

right and left lung
pleura
pleural cavity
respiratory zone

38
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane

  • visceral-on surface of lung
  • parietal-on inner thoracic wall, superior diaphragm and mediastinum
39
Q

pleural cavity

A

filled with serious fluid
-prevents friction when lungs move
-holds lungs to thoracic cavity wall
refer to page 6

40
Q

respiratory zone in lungs

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

-O2 enters blood, Co2 enters air (gas exchange occurs mainly ini alveoli

41
Q

respiratory membrane

A

consists of alveolar walls and surrounding capillaries

-3 layers = 2 epithelia and their fused basement membranes

42
Q

respiratory membrane layers

A

wall of alveolus
basement membrane of alveolus and capillary
wall of capillary

43
Q

wall of alveolus

A 
simple epithelium
-made of 3 cell types:
type 1 alveolar cells
types 2 alveolar cels
marcrophages
note: alveolar pores allow air movement b/w aleoli
44
Q

type 1 alveolar cells

A

simple squamous

allow gas diffusion

45
Q

type 2 alveolar cells

A

simple cuboidal
secrete surfactant
(allows lungs to expand with ease)

46
Q

macrophages

A

free-moving across surface of type 1 cells

remove dust and debris

47
Q

wall of capillary

A

simple squamous epithelium= endothelial cell

48
Q

blood supply to lung has two routes

A

pulmonary circulation
-blood to be oxygenated
bronchial circulation
-blood to nourish lung tissue

49
Q

pulmonary circualtion

A
  • right vent->pulm trunk->pulm arteries->capillaries in respiratory portion of lungs (deoxy)
  • > pulmonary veins->left atrium (oxy)
50
Q

bronchial circulation bronchial arteries

A

arise from aorta (systemic)

-carry oxygenated blood to tissues (eg. bronchi) except respiratory zone

51
Q

bronchial circulation returning to heart, blood drains into:

A
  • bronchial vein (little blood) to right atrium- systemic)
  • or pulmonary veins (most blood) (to left atrium- pulmonary)
  • refer to page 8
52
Q

clinical applications (5)

A
  • pulmonary edema
  • tuberculosis
  • pulmonary embolism
  • pneumothorax
  • emphysema
53
Q

pulmonary edema

A

accumulation of fluid in the lungs - b/w cells and within alveioli

54
Q

tuberculosis

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

  • thickens respiratory membrane- lung tissue replaces by fibrous CT (scars)
  • decreased lung elasticity and gas exchange area
55
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

blockage of pulmonary vasculature

-due to blood clot, arteriosclerosis, air bubbles in vessels, etc.

56
Q

pneumothorax:

A

entry of air into pleural cavity

causes lung to collapse

57
Q

emphysema

A

alveolar walls break down

  • fewer, larger alveoli
  • decreased surface of area for gas exchange
  • decreased elasticity (hard to breathe) and recoil (less air out on exhalation)
58
Q

ventilation (breathing)

A

muscles are all skeletal

-inspiration and expiration

59
Q

inspiration

A

intake of air

-diaphragm and external intercostals contract

60
Q

expiration

A
  • air move to atmosphere from lungs
  • diaphragm and external intercostals relax
  • exhaling = passive process

Anat final (13 decks)

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