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Anat final > 2. digestive system > Flashcards

2. digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

includes

A 
Gastrointestinal tract (GI)
accessory organs
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2
Q

GI tract

A

tube from mouth to anus

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3
Q

accessory organs

A
  • teeth, tongue, salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • liver, gallbladder
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4
Q

digestive system processes

A

ingestion
digestion
absorption
defecation

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5
Q

ingestion

A

food into oral cavity

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6
Q

digestion

A
  • large molecules broken down into smaller molecules

* 2 types: mechanical and chemical

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7
Q

mechanical digestion

A

motility

eg. chewing

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8
Q

chemical

A

enzymes and acid secretions

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9
Q

absoroption

A

end products of digestion enter blood or lymph

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10
Q

defecation

A

elimination of waste and undigested material

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11
Q

GI tract histology

A 
4 basic layers :
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa (or adventitia)
enteric nervous system
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12
Q

mucosa

A

3 layers:

  1. epithelium with numerous goblet cells
  2. lamina propria=areolar CT
  3. muscularis mucosa
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13
Q

epithelium with numerous goblet cells

A

-stratified squamous: mouth, pharynx, esophagus anal canal

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14
Q

lamina propria

A

areolar CT

-contains blood, lymph vessels , lymph nodules/tissues (immune)

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15
Q

muscularis mucosa

A

smooth muscle-allows movement of mucosa

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16
Q

submucosa

A

areolar CT

contains : blood and lymphatic vessels, submucosal nerve plexus

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17
Q

muscularis externa

A
  • smooth muscle
  • inner circular layer
  • outer longitudinal layer
  • myenteric nerve plexus b/w layers
  • contractions cause motility (mixing and movement)
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18
Q

serosa

A

or adventitia

-cavity=lumen

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19
Q

enteric nervous system

A
  • nervous system of GI tract
  • myenteric plexus
  • submucous plexus
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20
Q

myenteric plexus

A

controls muscularis externa

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21
Q

submucous plexus

A

controls activity of mucosal glands and muscle

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22
Q

structures:

A 
oral cavity
salivary glands
dentition (teeth)
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine 
small intestinal accessory organs 
large intestine
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23
Q

oral cavity includes

A

lips
cheeks
palate
tongue

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24
Q

palate parts

A

hard palate

soft

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25
Q

hard palate

A

-2 maxillae and 2 palatine bones

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26
Q

soft palate

A

posterior to hard palate
skeletal muscle
posterior projection = uvula
rises to close the nasopharynx when swallowing

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27
Q

tongue

A

attached to hyoid bone
skeletal muscle
projections of mucosa=papillae (taste buds)

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28
Q

salivary glands 3 pairs:

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual
also contains saliva

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29
Q

parotid

A
  • inferior and anterior to ears

- mumps=inflammations of 1 of both parotids

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30
Q

submandibular

A

floor of mouth

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31
Q

sublingual

A

below tongue on floor of mouth

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32
Q

saliva

A
  1. 5% H2O

0. %% solutes (eg.enzymes)

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33
Q

dentition (teeth)

A

-in maxillae and mandible

go to page 3

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34
Q

child dentition

A

primary dentition-deciduous (“baby”) teeth

has 20 teeth

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35
Q

adult dentition

A

secondary dentition-permanent teeth

has 32 teeth

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36
Q

tooth struture

A 
crown
root
neck
periodontal ligaments 
root canal extend to pulp cavity
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37
Q

crown

A

above the gum
dentin=majority of tooth
enamel overlay=acellular, highly calcified-hard!

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38
Q

root

A

dentin with cementum overlay

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39
Q

dentin, enamel and cementum

A

similar to bone, but avascular

40
Q

neck

A

enamel and cementum boundary (gums)

41
Q

periodontal ligaments

A

attach root to bones

42
Q

root canal extends to pulp cavity

A

contains CT, blood/lymph vessels, and nerves

43
Q

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

only muscularis externa (skeletal muscle) and mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium)

44
Q

esophagus

A
  • posterior to trachea
  • passes through diaphragm to the abdominal cavity
  • all 4 histological layers in GI tract from this point on
45
Q

exceptions in esophagus

A
  • muscularis externa

- has adventitia in mediastinum

46
Q

muscularis externa

A
  • upper 1/3-skeletal muscle
  • middle 1/3-skeletal and smooth muscle (transition zone)
  • lower 1/3-smooth muscle
47
Q

has adventitia in mediastinum

A

-outermost layer

=fibrous CT (no epithelium)

48
Q

stomach has 4 regions

A
  • cardiac region
  • fundus
  • body
  • pyloric region
49
Q

cardiac region

A

cardia

attached to esophagus

50
Q

fundus

A

above esophageal entrance

51
Q

pyloric region

A

pylorus

has pyloric sphincter

52
Q

stomach

A
  • greater and less curvatures
  • converts food into chime (food and gastric juice)
  • stomach mucosa
53
Q

stomach mucosa

A
  • invaginations of epithelium forms gastric glands (exocrine)
  • secrete gastric juice to lumen
54
Q

gastric glands contain:

A

chief cells
parietal cells
goblet cells
G cells

55
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase (enzymes)

56
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (for vit B12 abs in ileum)

57
Q

goblet cells

A

mucus ( surface epithelium also contains many goblet cells)

58
Q

G cells

A

enteroendocrine cells

-secrete gastrin (hormone; to blood)

59
Q

rugae

A

folds of the mucosa and submucosa due to contraction of muscularis mucosa
-allow expansion without tearing mucosa

60
Q

muscularis externa

A 
-function = churning 
3 layers:
inner oblique 
middle circular
outer longitudinal
61
Q

small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter to ileocaecal valve

62
Q

small intestine 3 segments

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

63
Q

duodenum

A 
first fold (short)- retroperitoneal
-extra glands here secrete alkaline mucus to protect against stomach acid
64
Q

jejunum

A

middle section

65
Q

ileium

A

has groups of lymph nodules=peyer’s patches

-prevent infection of small intestine and bacteria from entering blood

66
Q

segments specialized to increase absorption surface area in the small intestine

A

plicae circulares
villi
microvilli

67
Q

plicae circulares

A

submucosa thrown into folds

68
Q

villi

A

projections of mucosa into lumen
contains:
blood capillaries
lacteals (lymph capillaries that absorb eg. fats )

69
Q

microvilli

A

brush border on enterocytes (simple columnar)
-extend into lumen
-within epithelium, separate enteroendocrine cells secrete the hormones:
secretin
cholecystokinin

70
Q

small intestinal accessory organs

A

pancreas
liver
gallbladder

71
Q

pancreas

A

retroperitoneal

parts: head, body, tail
contains: exocrine portion and endocrine portion

72
Q

exocrine portion

A
  1. acinar cells/acini (most of pancreas)

2. duct cells

73
Q

acinar cells/acini (most of pancreas)

A

secrete digestive enzymes ( into ducts )

74
Q

duct cells

A

secrete alkaline fluid to neutralize stomach acid

->digestive enzymes and alkaline fluid =pancreatic juice

75
Q

endocrine portion

A

=islets of langerhans (amid acini)

-secrete hormones: insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar

76
Q

liver

A
  • 4 lobes (right, left, caudate, quadrate)
  • cells=hepatocytes
  • filters material from GI tract (nutrients, toxins etc) before going to rest of body produce bile
  • produces bile-for fat digestion
77
Q

gallbladder

A 
muscular sac on surface of liver
rugae, no submucosa 
stores, concentrates bile b/w meals 
-> enzymes, alkaline fluid and bile enter duodenum by series of ducts 
page 7
78
Q

large intestine

A
  • ileocaecal valve to anus
  • appendix
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anus
79
Q

colon parts

A
  • ascending (right side)
  • hepatic flexure
  • transverse
  • splenic flexure
  • descending (left side)
  • sigmoid
80
Q

colon

A
  • muscularis externa longitudinal layer incomplete = taeniae coli
  • contraction forms pouches = haustra
  • epiploic appendages = fat- filled pouches
  • function unknown
81
Q

rectum

A

no taeniae coli

-anal canal=last 3 cm

82
Q

anus

A

-2 anal sphincters: internal (smooth muscle) and external (skeletal muscle-voluntary control)

83
Q

lymphatic system of intestines contains

A

immune function

digestive function

84
Q

immune function

A
  • lymph nodules in mucosa throughout small and large intestines
  • peyer’s patches in ileum
  • prevents infection of small intestine and prevent bacteria from entering blood
85
Q

digestive function

A

lymph vessels
-most absorbed fats from small intestine enter lacteals (some into blood)
lacteals ->lymph collecting vessels->cisterna chyli-> thoracic duct->left subclavian vein

86
Q

lower GI tract blood circulation

A

page 9

portal system

87
Q

portal system

A

blood vessels b/w 2 capillary beds 9but blood doesn’t pass through the heart b/w them)

88
Q

peritoneum

A 
serous membrane
serosa b/w organs
mesentery
retroperitoneal
peritonitis
(page 10 diagram)
89
Q

serous membrane

A
  • visceral peritoneum (against organ wall)
  • parietal peritoneum (against abdominal cavity wall)
  • peritoneal cavity = filled with serous fluid
90
Q

serosa b/w organs

A

sheet of w fused visceral peritoneum layers
-contains blood/lymph vessels and nerves
-forms folds in some areas=omenta:
greater and lesser omentum

91
Q

greater omentum

A
  • fatty apron
  • covers transverse colon and small intestine
  • contains fat-protection, insulation, energy reserve
92
Q

lesser omentum

A

suspends stomach from liver

93
Q

mesentery

A
  • suspends small intestine from cavity wall

- double layer of parietal peritoneum

94
Q

retroperitoneal

A
  • an organ behind peritoneum
  • peritoneum lines only one side
  • anterior = parietal peritoneum
  • posterior = CT (adventitia)
95
Q

peritonitis

A
  • inflammation of the peritoneum

- due to:burst appendix, wounds etc.

Anat final (13 decks)

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