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Anat final > nervous systems > Flashcards

nervous systems Flashcards

1
Q

2 divisions

A

central nervous system CNS

peripheral nervous system PCS

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2
Q

CNS

A
  • command centre
  • brain and spinal cord
  • processes and integrates info
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3
Q

PNS consists of

A

cranial nerves to/from brain

spinal nerves to/from spinal cord

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4
Q

2 divisions of PNS

A

sensory/afferent division

motor/efferent division

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5
Q

sensory/afferent division

A

has sensory receptors that detect stimuli (changes in the internal or external environments)
-nerves convey impulses toward CNS

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6
Q

motor/efferent division

A
  • nerves convey impulses away from CNS

- innervates (supplies nerves to) effectors = muscles and glands (endocrine or exocrine)

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7
Q

relationship b/w cns and pns

A

page 1 of notes

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8
Q

nervous system organization

A

page 2 of notes

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9
Q

histology cell types:

A

neurons

neuroglia (glial cells)

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10
Q

neurons

A

conduct impulses
make up CNS and PNS
mostly amitotic (irreplaceable)
exceptions = taste, olfaction, memory

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11
Q

neuron structure

A

cell body

and processes from cell body: dendrites and axon

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12
Q

cell body

A

typical organelles
RER called Nissl bodies
groups/clusters in CNS=nuclei (gray matter)
groups/clusters in PNS=ganglia

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13
Q

dendrites

A

receive incoming messages and relay to cell body

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14
Q

axon

A
  • carries impulses away from cell body
  • axon hillock-where axon meets cell body
  • axon terminal->typically branched with synaptic end bulbs (enlarged tips). may be: myelinated or unmyelinated
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15
Q

myelinated

A

wrapped in many layers of cell membrane from Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes CNS

  • electrical insulation
  • gaps in myelin sheath are called nodes of Ranvier
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16
Q

myelinated axon bundles in

A

cns=tracts (white matter)

pns=nerves

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17
Q

unmyelinated

A

no myelin

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18
Q

neuroglia (glial cells)

A

support neurons = can undergo mitosis (prone to cancer -brain tumour)

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19
Q

types of neuroglia (glial cells) in CNA

A

oligodendrocytes
microglia
astrocytes
ependymal cells

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20
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin around axon

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21
Q

microglia

A

protective = become phagocytic if detect, infected, dead or damaged neurons (because immune cells can’t enter CNS)

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22
Q

Astrocytes

A

-surround blood capillaries to form part of blood brain barrier (BBB)

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23
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • neural epithelium
  • line brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
  • secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and circulate it (cilia)
24
Q

types of PNS neuroglia

A

schwann cells

satellite cells

25
Q

schwann cells

A

form myelin around axons in PNS

26
Q

Satellite cells

A

surround neuron cells bodies in ganglia

-protection and support

27
Q

structural/anatomical types:

A

based on number of processes coming off cell body

a) unipolar
b) bipolar
c) mutlipolar

28
Q

neuron classification

A

structural/anatomical types and functional types

29
Q

unipolar

A

1 process that divides into 2 central and peripheral
peripheral end has dendrites = sensory receptors (pain, touch etc. ) remainder is axon
-always sensory

30
Q

bipolar

A

2 processes: 1 axon, 1 process with dendrites

sensory -> retina, nose (olfaction)

31
Q

multipolar

A

3 or more processes: 1 axon, many dendrites

all interneurons and motor neurons

32
Q

functinoal types

A

based on direction of impulse conduction

a) sensory/afferent neurons
b) interneurons
c) motor/efferent neurons

33
Q

sensory/ afferent neurons

A

mostly unipolar

from sensory receptors to CNS

34
Q

interneurons

A

w/in CNS (b/w sensory and motor)

99% of neurons (mostly multipolar)

35
Q

motor/ efferent neurons

A

CNS to effectors (all multipolar)

36
Q

neuronal junctions (synapses)

A

neuron to neuron
neuromuscular junction
neuroglandular junction

37
Q

neuron to neuron

A

can be chemical (use neurotransmitters) or electrical (ions)

38
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

motor neuron to skeletal muscle cell

39
Q

neuroglandular junction

A

motor neuron to smooth or cardiac muscle, or a gland

40
Q

chemical neuronal synapses more common structure:

A

presynaptic neuron
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic neuron

41
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron bringing impulse
has axon terminal with synaptic end bulbs
inside end bulb = synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter (nt)
presynaptic membrane (cell membrane facing space)

42
Q

synaptic celft

A

space b/w neurons

43
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

receives the signal
has postsynaptic membrane
=cell membrane of dendrites or cell body with receptors for nt

44
Q

CNS protective features

A 
bone
meninges
cerebrospinal fluis CSF
blood-brain barrier BBB
cerebral arterial circle
45
Q

CNS bone

A

skull and vertebral column

46
Q

meninges

A

CT around brain and spinal cord

47
Q

meninges layers

A 
dura mater (outer)
arachnoid mater (middle)
pia mater (Inner)
48
Q

dura mater

A

outer

  • brain-2 fused layers (separated in some places to from spaces = venous (dural), sinuses - contain blood)
  • spinal cord - 1 layer
  • deep to dura mater = subdural space (filled with ISF)
  • superficial to dura mater= epidural space (spinal cord only) (filled with fat, blood vessels, CT etc)
49
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle

  • avascular
  • subarachanoid space
  • contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • web-like strands of CT secure it to pia mater
  • has arachnoid villi (brain only)
  • project into dural sinuses
  • CSF enters villi to return to blood
50
Q

pia mater

A

inner

  • on surface of CNS (brain and spinal cord)
  • vascular
51
Q

meningitis is..

A

inflammation of meninges

52
Q

cerebrospinal fluid CSF

A

surrounds brain and spinal cord

in brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord

53
Q

cerebrospinal fluid ventricals

A
  • spaces inside brain (filled with CSF)
  • 2 lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd) in cerebrum)
  • 3rd ventricle-in diencephalon
  • 4th ventricle- surround by pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
54
Q

cerebrospinal fluid ventricles central canal

A

space in spinal cord

  • cushion CNS -brain buoyant
  • formed from blood plasma (similar composition)
  • produced by choroid plexuses (blood capillaries) found in each ventricle
  • circulation diagram on page 6
55
Q

Blood-brain barrier BBB 2 cell types

A
  1. endothelial cells ( of capillaries ) with tight junctions
  2. astrocytes - foot processes wrap around endothelial cells
56
Q

BBB

A

selectively permeable

  • allows: glucose, fat soluble material to cross
  • not toxins, antibiotics etc
  • in most parts of brain except: posterior pituitary, hypothalamus vomiting centre
57
Q

cerebral arterial circle

A

cerebral arteries form circle at base of forebrain
-circles pituitary gland and optic chiasma (where optic nerves cross)
-unites the 2 major blood supplies to the brain (anterior and posterior)
-provides an alternate route for blood if vessels blocked
(go to page 7 and 8)

Anat final (13 decks)

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