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Histology exam 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what portion delivers air to the lungs

A

conducting portion

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2
Q

structures within lungs where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood

A

respiratory portion

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3
Q

some examples of structures in the conducting portion include

A

nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles (may be unimportant)

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4
Q

the purpose of the conducting portion is to

A

warm, moisten, and filter the air

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5
Q

nasal cavity consists of three things

A

vestibule, olfactory segment, and respiratory segment

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6
Q

nostril openings of the nasal cavity

A

nares

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7
Q

first internal nasal cavity containning vibrissae (short hairs) to filter out large particles

A

vestibule

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8
Q

vestibule is initially lined by _ but posteriorly it is lined by

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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9
Q

located in roof of nasal cavity on sides of the nasal septum and on the superior nasal conchae

A

olfactory epithelium

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10
Q

olfactory epithelium is _ epithelium that contains

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

olfactory cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells, and basal cells

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11
Q

lamina propria of olfactory epithelium has many veins, nonmyelinated nerves, and _

A

Bowman’s glands

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12
Q

olfactory cells are _ cells with a bulbous apical projection called _ with _

A

bipolar nerve
olfactory vesicle
modified cilia

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13
Q

olfactory cilia start as 9+2 microtubule pattern but then the distal 2/3 is 9 peripheral _ microtubules around a central pair; olfactory cilia function as _

A

singlet

odor receptors

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14
Q

these cells have apically located nuclei with many microvilli and a prominent terminal web; provide physical and metabolic support to olfactory cells

A

supporting (sustentacular) cells

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15
Q

these cells of the olfactory epithelium are in contact with the basal lamina while also acting as stem cells for other olfactory epithelial cells

A

basal cells

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16
Q

Bowman’s glands produces _ that is released onto _ via _

A

thin, watery secretion
olfactory epithelium
ducts

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17
Q

purposes (2) of Bowman’s glands secretion

A

1) odorous substances dissolved in secretion can be detected by olfactory cilia
2) secretions flush surface and prepare the odor receptors to receive new stimuli

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18
Q

nasopharynx includes _

A

nasopharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) important

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19
Q

larynx connects the

A

pharynx with the trachea

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20
Q

wall of the larynx is supported by two types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage

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21
Q

vocal cords consist of 3 things

A

skeletal muscle, vocal ligament, and a covering of stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium (maybe unimportant)

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22
Q

vestibular folds lie _ to vocal cords; they are folds of _ tissue covered by _ epithelium

A

superior
loose CT
stratified squamous non keratizined

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23
Q

2 types of primary bronchi

A

extra and intra pulmonary bronchi

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24
Q

conducting portion ends at _ bronchioles and respiratory portion begins at _ bronchioles

A

terminal

respiratory

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25
Q

walls of trachea are supported by _ with open ends. smooth muscle called _ extends between the open ends

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilages

trachaelis

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26
Q

trachea has four layers

A

mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria)
submucosa
cartilage
adventitia

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27
Q

lamina propria of trachea ends and submucosa beings with a _ elastic membrane

A

poorly defined

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28
Q

tracheal epithelium is _ with

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

with ciliated, mucous, brush cells, small granule cells, and basal cells

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29
Q

tracheal epithelium brush cells have _ on surface. basal portion may be in contact with _ and function as _

A

microvilli
afferent nerve ending
receptor cell

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30
Q

tracheal epithelium small granule cells contain _

A

dense granules that are catecholamine or other polypeptide hormones (these cells are members of the diffuse endocrine system and may also be known as bronchial cells of Kulchitsky)

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31
Q

this is the reserve stem cell for tracheal epithelium

A

basal cell

32
Q

primary bronchi have

A

cartilage rings and spiral bands of smooth muscle that completely encircle bronchi

33
Q

foreign objects more likely to be lodged in which primary bronchi and why

A

right bronchi is more vertical

34
Q

intrampulmonary bronchi give rise to

A

secondary (lobar) and tertiary (segmental) bronchi

35
Q

intrapulmonary bronchi have irregular _ in their walls

A

cartilage plates

36
Q

intrapulmonary bronchi contain _, which separates lamina propria from the submucosa

A

spiraling smooth muscle bundles

37
Q

bronchi contains 5 layers

A

mucosa, muscularis (smooth muscle layer), submucosa, cartilage layer, and adventitia; (the only difference from trachea is the muscularis layer)

38
Q

intrapulmonary bronchi have _ glands in the submucosa

A

seromucous

39
Q

do primary bronchioles have glands in submucosa

A

no

40
Q

walls of primary bronchioles have

A

smooth muscle rather than cartilage plates

41
Q

epithelium of primary bronchioles changes from _ with _ in the larger airways to _ with _ in the smaller passages

A

ciliated columnar
goblet cells
ciliated columnar
Clara cells (important)

42
Q

do terminal bronchioles have glands in submucosa

A

no

43
Q

walls of terminal bronchioles have

A

smooth muscle rather than cartilage plates

44
Q

terminal bronchiole epithelium is _ with

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with mostly Clara cells, some ciliated cells, and no goblet cells

45
Q

Clara cells secrete _ and metabolize _

A

glycosaminoglycans

airbone toxins

46
Q

respiratory bronchioles have a _ lining with _ and _ cells

A

simple cuboidal lining with clara cells and some ciliated cells

47
Q

respiratory bronchiole walls are interrupted by

A

alveoli

48
Q

alveolar ducts are the most _ portion of the respiratory system to contain _

A

distal

smooth muscle

49
Q

alveolar ducts are lined by a _ epithelium consisting of _

A

simple squamous

type I and type II pneumocytes

50
Q

outpouchings of numerous alveoli located at distal end of the alveolar duct

A

alveolar sacs

51
Q

alveoli are pouch-like evaginations in three locations

A

respiratory bronchiole walls, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

52
Q

alveoli are separated from each other by _ that may contain 1 or more _

A 
interalveolar septa 
alveolar pores (for pressure equalization between alveoli)
53
Q

alveoli are lined by a _ epithelium of _

A

simple squamous

type I and type II pneumocytes

54
Q

alveoli is the site of

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion between the air and blood

55
Q

3 facts about type I pneumocytes

A

cover 95% of alveolar surface, form tight junctions with adjacent cells, not able to divide

56
Q

type II pneumocytes usually are cuboidal and can _

A

divide and regenerate both types of alveolar pneumocytes

57
Q

type II pneumocytes also contain _, which is a storage inclusion for _ that functions to _

A

cytoplasmic lamellar bodies
pulmonary surfactant
lower alveolar surface tension

58
Q

outer surfaces of alveoli are covered by which type of pneumocytes

A

type I

59
Q

interalveolar septum accommodates the _, which separates the _ from the _

A

blood-gas barrier
alveolar airspace
capillary lumen

60
Q

blood-gas barrier

A

type I pneumocyte + surfactant layer; endothelium of continuous capillaries

61
Q

pulmonary surfactant contains a phospholipid called DPPC, which stands for _; as welll as cholesterol

A

dipalmitoylphospholipidCHOLINE

62
Q

surfactant functions to

A

reduce alveolar surface tension; permits easy alveolar expansion and prevents alveolar collapse during expiration (repeat because so important)

63
Q

lung macrophages are usually found in interstitial septal CT and can move from _ to _ and back

A

septa

alveoli

64
Q

lung macrophage number will increase during

A

inflammatory conditions

65
Q

lack adequate amounts of pulmonary surfactant made by Type II cells; observed in premature infants

A

hyaline membrane disease (Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome)

66
Q

Hyaline membrane disease can be treated, if detected before birth, by administering _, which does this

A

glucocorticoids to induce surfactant synthesis

67
Q

Emphysema is the destruction of _ in smokers called _

A

respiratory bronchioles

centriacinar

68
Q

Emphysema is also the destruction of three things _ when there is an alpha-antitrypsin deficiency called _

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar walls

panacinar

69
Q

Emphysema leads to decreased

A

lung elasticity

70
Q

Emphysema can be either

A

associated (smoking) or hereditary (defective alpha-antitrypsin produced by liver)

71
Q

Pulmonary edema is when

A

fluid leaks into interstitial tissue and alveoli

72
Q

Pulmonary edema may be due to two things

A

1) left ventricle dysfunction (cardiogenic) that causes dilation of pulmonary capillaries and increase in hydrostatic pressure
2) destruction of endothelial lining due to bacteria, trauma, or other agents

73
Q

constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle; associated with difficult air expiration, mucus accumulation in airways, and inflammatory cell infiltration

A

asthma

74
Q

how is asthma treated

A

epinephrine and isoproterenol or other bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxants

75
Q

just remember hydrothorax and pneumothorax

A

hydrothorax: fluid in pleural cavity
pneumothorax: air in pleural cavity

Histology exam 2 (6 decks)

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