Respiratory System Flashcards
what portion delivers air to the lungs
conducting portion
structures within lungs where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood
respiratory portion
some examples of structures in the conducting portion include
nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles (may be unimportant)
the purpose of the conducting portion is to
warm, moisten, and filter the air
nasal cavity consists of three things
vestibule, olfactory segment, and respiratory segment
nostril openings of the nasal cavity
nares
first internal nasal cavity containning vibrissae (short hairs) to filter out large particles
vestibule
vestibule is initially lined by _ but posteriorly it is lined by
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
located in roof of nasal cavity on sides of the nasal septum and on the superior nasal conchae
olfactory epithelium
olfactory epithelium is _ epithelium that contains
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
olfactory cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells, and basal cells
lamina propria of olfactory epithelium has many veins, nonmyelinated nerves, and _
Bowman’s glands
olfactory cells are _ cells with a bulbous apical projection called _ with _
bipolar nerve
olfactory vesicle
modified cilia
olfactory cilia start as 9+2 microtubule pattern but then the distal 2/3 is 9 peripheral _ microtubules around a central pair; olfactory cilia function as _
singlet
odor receptors
these cells have apically located nuclei with many microvilli and a prominent terminal web; provide physical and metabolic support to olfactory cells
supporting (sustentacular) cells
these cells of the olfactory epithelium are in contact with the basal lamina while also acting as stem cells for other olfactory epithelial cells
basal cells
Bowman’s glands produces _ that is released onto _ via _
thin, watery secretion
olfactory epithelium
ducts
purposes (2) of Bowman’s glands secretion
1) odorous substances dissolved in secretion can be detected by olfactory cilia
2) secretions flush surface and prepare the odor receptors to receive new stimuli
nasopharynx includes _
nasopharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) important
larynx connects the
pharynx with the trachea
wall of the larynx is supported by two types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage
vocal cords consist of 3 things
skeletal muscle, vocal ligament, and a covering of stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium (maybe unimportant)
vestibular folds lie _ to vocal cords; they are folds of _ tissue covered by _ epithelium
superior
loose CT
stratified squamous non keratizined
2 types of primary bronchi
extra and intra pulmonary bronchi
conducting portion ends at _ bronchioles and respiratory portion begins at _ bronchioles
terminal
respiratory
walls of trachea are supported by _ with open ends. smooth muscle called _ extends between the open ends
C-shaped hyaline cartilages
trachaelis
trachea has four layers
mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria)
submucosa
cartilage
adventitia
lamina propria of trachea ends and submucosa beings with a _ elastic membrane
poorly defined
tracheal epithelium is _ with
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
with ciliated, mucous, brush cells, small granule cells, and basal cells
tracheal epithelium brush cells have _ on surface. basal portion may be in contact with _ and function as _
microvilli
afferent nerve ending
receptor cell
tracheal epithelium small granule cells contain _
dense granules that are catecholamine or other polypeptide hormones (these cells are members of the diffuse endocrine system and may also be known as bronchial cells of Kulchitsky)
this is the reserve stem cell for tracheal epithelium
basal cell
primary bronchi have
cartilage rings and spiral bands of smooth muscle that completely encircle bronchi
foreign objects more likely to be lodged in which primary bronchi and why
right bronchi is more vertical
intrampulmonary bronchi give rise to
secondary (lobar) and tertiary (segmental) bronchi
intrapulmonary bronchi have irregular _ in their walls
cartilage plates
intrapulmonary bronchi contain _, which separates lamina propria from the submucosa
spiraling smooth muscle bundles
bronchi contains 5 layers
mucosa, muscularis (smooth muscle layer), submucosa, cartilage layer, and adventitia; (the only difference from trachea is the muscularis layer)
intrapulmonary bronchi have _ glands in the submucosa
seromucous
do primary bronchioles have glands in submucosa
no
walls of primary bronchioles have
smooth muscle rather than cartilage plates
epithelium of primary bronchioles changes from _ with _ in the larger airways to _ with _ in the smaller passages
ciliated columnar
goblet cells
ciliated columnar
Clara cells (important)
do terminal bronchioles have glands in submucosa
no
walls of terminal bronchioles have
smooth muscle rather than cartilage plates
terminal bronchiole epithelium is _ with
simple cuboidal epithelium with mostly Clara cells, some ciliated cells, and no goblet cells
Clara cells secrete _ and metabolize _
glycosaminoglycans
airbone toxins
respiratory bronchioles have a _ lining with _ and _ cells
simple cuboidal lining with clara cells and some ciliated cells
respiratory bronchiole walls are interrupted by
alveoli
alveolar ducts are the most _ portion of the respiratory system to contain _
distal
smooth muscle
alveolar ducts are lined by a _ epithelium consisting of _
simple squamous
type I and type II pneumocytes
outpouchings of numerous alveoli located at distal end of the alveolar duct
alveolar sacs
alveoli are pouch-like evaginations in three locations
respiratory bronchiole walls, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
alveoli are separated from each other by _ that may contain 1 or more _
interalveolar septa alveolar pores (for pressure equalization between alveoli)
alveoli are lined by a _ epithelium of _
simple squamous
type I and type II pneumocytes
alveoli is the site of
oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion between the air and blood
3 facts about type I pneumocytes
cover 95% of alveolar surface, form tight junctions with adjacent cells, not able to divide
type II pneumocytes usually are cuboidal and can _
divide and regenerate both types of alveolar pneumocytes
type II pneumocytes also contain _, which is a storage inclusion for _ that functions to _
cytoplasmic lamellar bodies
pulmonary surfactant
lower alveolar surface tension
outer surfaces of alveoli are covered by which type of pneumocytes
type I
interalveolar septum accommodates the _, which separates the _ from the _
blood-gas barrier
alveolar airspace
capillary lumen
blood-gas barrier
type I pneumocyte + surfactant layer; endothelium of continuous capillaries
pulmonary surfactant contains a phospholipid called DPPC, which stands for _; as welll as cholesterol
dipalmitoylphospholipidCHOLINE
surfactant functions to
reduce alveolar surface tension; permits easy alveolar expansion and prevents alveolar collapse during expiration (repeat because so important)
lung macrophages are usually found in interstitial septal CT and can move from _ to _ and back
septa
alveoli
lung macrophage number will increase during
inflammatory conditions
lack adequate amounts of pulmonary surfactant made by Type II cells; observed in premature infants
hyaline membrane disease (Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome)
Hyaline membrane disease can be treated, if detected before birth, by administering _, which does this
glucocorticoids to induce surfactant synthesis
Emphysema is the destruction of _ in smokers called _
respiratory bronchioles
centriacinar
Emphysema is also the destruction of three things _ when there is an alpha-antitrypsin deficiency called _
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar walls
panacinar
Emphysema leads to decreased
lung elasticity
Emphysema can be either
associated (smoking) or hereditary (defective alpha-antitrypsin produced by liver)
Pulmonary edema is when
fluid leaks into interstitial tissue and alveoli
Pulmonary edema may be due to two things
1) left ventricle dysfunction (cardiogenic) that causes dilation of pulmonary capillaries and increase in hydrostatic pressure
2) destruction of endothelial lining due to bacteria, trauma, or other agents
constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle; associated with difficult air expiration, mucus accumulation in airways, and inflammatory cell infiltration
asthma
how is asthma treated
epinephrine and isoproterenol or other bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxants
just remember hydrothorax and pneumothorax
hydrothorax: fluid in pleural cavity
pneumothorax: air in pleural cavity
