Respiratory System

Question 1

what portion delivers air to the lungs

Answer 1

conducting portion

Question 2

structures within lungs where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the blood

Answer 2

respiratory portion

Question 3

some examples of structures in the conducting portion include

Answer 3

nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles (may be unimportant)

Question 4

the purpose of the conducting portion is to

Answer 4

warm, moisten, and filter the air

Question 5

nasal cavity consists of three things

Answer 5

vestibule, olfactory segment, and respiratory segment

Question 6

nostril openings of the nasal cavity

Answer 6

nares

Question 7

first internal nasal cavity containning vibrissae (short hairs) to filter out large particles

Answer 7

vestibule

Question 8

vestibule is initially lined by _ but posteriorly it is lined by

Answer 8

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 9

located in roof of nasal cavity on sides of the nasal septum and on the superior nasal conchae

Answer 9

olfactory epithelium

Question 10

olfactory epithelium is _ epithelium that contains

Answer 10

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

olfactory cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells, and basal cells

Question 11

lamina propria of olfactory epithelium has many veins, nonmyelinated nerves, and _

Answer 11

Bowman’s glands

Question 12

olfactory cells are _ cells with a bulbous apical projection called _ with _

Answer 12

bipolar nerve
olfactory vesicle
modified cilia

Question 13

olfactory cilia start as 9+2 microtubule pattern but then the distal 2/3 is 9 peripheral _ microtubules around a central pair; olfactory cilia function as _

Answer 13

singlet

odor receptors

Question 14

these cells have apically located nuclei with many microvilli and a prominent terminal web; provide physical and metabolic support to olfactory cells

Answer 14

supporting (sustentacular) cells

Question 15

these cells of the olfactory epithelium are in contact with the basal lamina while also acting as stem cells for other olfactory epithelial cells

Answer 15

basal cells

Question 16

Bowman’s glands produces _ that is released onto _ via _

Answer 16

thin, watery secretion
olfactory epithelium
ducts

Question 17

purposes (2) of Bowman’s glands secretion

Answer 17

1) odorous substances dissolved in secretion can be detected by olfactory cilia
2) secretions flush surface and prepare the odor receptors to receive new stimuli

Question 18

nasopharynx includes _

Answer 18

nasopharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) important

Question 19

larynx connects the

Answer 19

pharynx with the trachea

Question 20

wall of the larynx is supported by two types of cartilage

Answer 20

hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage

Question 21

vocal cords consist of 3 things

Answer 21

skeletal muscle, vocal ligament, and a covering of stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium (maybe unimportant)

Question 22

vestibular folds lie _ to vocal cords; they are folds of _ tissue covered by _ epithelium

Answer 22

superior
loose CT
stratified squamous non keratizined

Question 23

2 types of primary bronchi

Answer 23

extra and intra pulmonary bronchi

Question 24

conducting portion ends at _ bronchioles and respiratory portion begins at _ bronchioles

Answer 24

terminal

respiratory

Question 25

walls of trachea are supported by _ with open ends. smooth muscle called _ extends between the open ends

Answer 25

C-shaped hyaline cartilages | trachaelis

Question 26

trachea has four layers

Answer 26

mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria) submucosa cartilage adventitia

Question 27

lamina propria of trachea ends and submucosa beings with a _ elastic membrane

Answer 27

poorly defined

Question 28

tracheal epithelium is _ with

Answer 28

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium | with ciliated, mucous, brush cells, small granule cells, and basal cells

Question 29

tracheal epithelium brush cells have _ on surface. basal portion may be in contact with _ and function as _

Answer 29

microvilli afferent nerve ending receptor cell

Question 30

tracheal epithelium small granule cells contain _

Answer 30

dense granules that are catecholamine or other polypeptide hormones (these cells are members of the diffuse endocrine system and may also be known as bronchial cells of Kulchitsky)

Question 31

this is the reserve stem cell for tracheal epithelium

Answer 31

basal cell

Question 32

primary bronchi have

Answer 32

cartilage rings and spiral bands of smooth muscle that completely encircle bronchi

Question 33

foreign objects more likely to be lodged in which primary bronchi and why

Answer 33

right bronchi is more vertical

Question 34

intrampulmonary bronchi give rise to

Answer 34

secondary (lobar) and tertiary (segmental) bronchi

Question 35

intrapulmonary bronchi have irregular _ in their walls

Answer 35

cartilage plates

Question 36

intrapulmonary bronchi contain _, which separates lamina propria from the submucosa

Answer 36

spiraling smooth muscle bundles

Question 37

bronchi contains 5 layers

Answer 37

mucosa, muscularis (smooth muscle layer), submucosa, cartilage layer, and adventitia; (the only difference from trachea is the muscularis layer)

Question 38

intrapulmonary bronchi have _ glands in the submucosa

Answer 38

seromucous

Question 39

do primary bronchioles have glands in submucosa

Answer 39

no

Question 40

walls of primary bronchioles have

Answer 40

smooth muscle rather than cartilage plates

Question 41

epithelium of primary bronchioles changes from _ with _ in the larger airways to _ with _ in the smaller passages

Answer 41

ciliated columnar goblet cells ciliated columnar Clara cells (important)

Question 42

do terminal bronchioles have glands in submucosa

Answer 42

no

Question 43

walls of terminal bronchioles have

Answer 43

smooth muscle rather than cartilage plates

Question 44

terminal bronchiole epithelium is _ with

Answer 44

simple cuboidal epithelium with mostly Clara cells, some ciliated cells, and no goblet cells

Question 45

Clara cells secrete _ and metabolize _

Answer 45

glycosaminoglycans | airbone toxins

Question 46

respiratory bronchioles have a _ lining with _ and _ cells

Answer 46

simple cuboidal lining with clara cells and some ciliated cells

Question 47

respiratory bronchiole walls are interrupted by

Answer 47

alveoli

Question 48

alveolar ducts are the most _ portion of the respiratory system to contain _

Answer 48

distal | smooth muscle

Question 49

alveolar ducts are lined by a _ epithelium consisting of _

Answer 49

simple squamous | type I and type II pneumocytes

Question 50

outpouchings of numerous alveoli located at distal end of the alveolar duct

Answer 50

alveolar sacs

Question 51

alveoli are pouch-like evaginations in three locations

Answer 51

respiratory bronchiole walls, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

Question 52

alveoli are separated from each other by _ that may contain 1 or more _

Answer 52

``` interalveolar septa alveolar pores (for pressure equalization between alveoli) ```

Question 53

alveoli are lined by a _ epithelium of _

Answer 53

simple squamous | type I and type II pneumocytes

Question 54

alveoli is the site of

Answer 54

oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion between the air and blood

Question 55

3 facts about type I pneumocytes

Answer 55

cover 95% of alveolar surface, form tight junctions with adjacent cells, not able to divide

Question 56

type II pneumocytes usually are cuboidal and can _

Answer 56

divide and regenerate both types of alveolar pneumocytes

Question 57

type II pneumocytes also contain _, which is a storage inclusion for _ that functions to _

Answer 57

cytoplasmic lamellar bodies pulmonary surfactant lower alveolar surface tension

Question 58

outer surfaces of alveoli are covered by which type of pneumocytes

Answer 58

type I

Question 59

interalveolar septum accommodates the _, which separates the _ from the _

Answer 59

blood-gas barrier alveolar airspace capillary lumen

Question 60

blood-gas barrier

Answer 60

type I pneumocyte + surfactant layer; endothelium of continuous capillaries

Question 61

pulmonary surfactant contains a phospholipid called DPPC, which stands for _; as welll as cholesterol

Answer 61

dipalmitoylphospholipidCHOLINE

Question 62

surfactant functions to

Answer 62

reduce alveolar surface tension; permits easy alveolar expansion and prevents alveolar collapse during expiration (repeat because so important)

Question 63

lung macrophages are usually found in interstitial septal CT and can move from _ to _ and back

Answer 63

septa | alveoli

Question 64

lung macrophage number will increase during

Answer 64

inflammatory conditions

Question 65

lack adequate amounts of pulmonary surfactant made by Type II cells; observed in premature infants

Answer 65

hyaline membrane disease (Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome)

Question 66

Hyaline membrane disease can be treated, if detected before birth, by administering _, which does this

Answer 66

glucocorticoids to induce surfactant synthesis

Question 67

Emphysema is the destruction of _ in smokers called _

Answer 67

respiratory bronchioles | centriacinar

Question 68

Emphysema is also the destruction of three things _ when there is an alpha-antitrypsin deficiency called _

Answer 68

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar walls | panacinar

Question 69

Emphysema leads to decreased

Answer 69

lung elasticity

Question 70

Emphysema can be either

Answer 70

associated (smoking) or hereditary (defective alpha-antitrypsin produced by liver)

Question 71

Pulmonary edema is when

Answer 71

fluid leaks into interstitial tissue and alveoli

Question 72

Pulmonary edema may be due to two things

Answer 72

1) left ventricle dysfunction (cardiogenic) that causes dilation of pulmonary capillaries and increase in hydrostatic pressure 2) destruction of endothelial lining due to bacteria, trauma, or other agents

Question 73

constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle; associated with difficult air expiration, mucus accumulation in airways, and inflammatory cell infiltration

Answer 73

asthma

Question 74

how is asthma treated

Answer 74

epinephrine and isoproterenol or other bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxants

Question 75

just remember hydrothorax and pneumothorax

Answer 75

hydrothorax: fluid in pleural cavity pneumothorax: air in pleural cavity