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Histology exam 2 > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

large blood vessels all have 3 common layers

A

tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia

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2
Q

large vessels have other smaller vessels called _ that branch through adventitia

A

vasa vasorum

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3
Q

what has more vasa vasorum

A

veins

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4
Q

larger vessels may have lymphatic vessels and nerves called _ in adventitia

A

nervi vascularis

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5
Q

described as endothelium and underlying subendothelial connective tissue; has internal elastic lamina too

A

tunica intima

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6
Q

described as primarily smooth muscle cells and also external elastic lamina

A

tunica media

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7
Q

described as fibroelastic connective tissue (dense irregular CT with small amounts of elastic fibers)

A

tunica adventitia

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8
Q

arteries are classified as large _, medium _, and small _

A

elastic
muscular
arterioles

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9
Q

what type of artery conducts blood to muscular arteries

A

elastic (conducting) artery

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10
Q

elastic fibers of intima from an

A

incomplete internal elastic lamina

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11
Q

elastic arteries have _ media and _ adventitia while no distinct _ and an incomplete _

A

thick
thin
external elastic lamina
internal elastic lamina

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12
Q

what type of artery delivers blood to organs

A

muscular (distributing)

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13
Q

muscular arteries have a _ intima with _

A

thin

well-developed internal elastic lamina

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14
Q

muscular arteries have a _ external elastic lamina

A

thick

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15
Q

how many layers of endothelial cells are capillaries

A

one

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16
Q

capillaries are surrounded by a thin sheath of reticular and collagenous fibers and some _, which are

A

pericytes

mesenchymal-like stem cells (can become fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells)

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17
Q

what type of capillary has continuous endothelium and basal lamina

A

continuous

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18
Q

continuous capillaries have _

A

no fenestrae

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19
Q

continuous capillaries are found

A

in muscle, connective tissue, CNS, exocrine pancreas, and gonads

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20
Q

in the CNS, continuous capillaries have a type of _ that contributes to _

A

tight junction

blood-brain barrier

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21
Q

fenestrated capillaries are located in the

A

mucosa of GI tract, endocrine glands, renal glomerular and peritubular capillaries, choroid plexus, and ciliary body

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22
Q

fenestrated endothelium in the glomerular capillaries have _

A

no diaphgrams

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23
Q

discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries are found in

A

liver and hemopoeietic organs such as bone marrow and spleen (know all of these)

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24
Q

discontinuous capillaries have _ basal lamina and wide gaps between cells

A

incomplete

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25
Q

what receives blood from capillaries

A

postcapillary venules

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26
Q

postcapillary venules have an _ layer of pericytes

A

incomplete

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27
Q

postcapillary venules are an important site of

A

activity in inflammation

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28
Q

veins start as

A

venules

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29
Q

vein intima consists of

A

endothelial cells

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30
Q

vein media consists of

A

1-2 layers of smooth muscle

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31
Q

what type of venule has 1-2 layers of smooth muscle and thin adventitia; no pericytes

A

muscular venules

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32
Q

intima of small to medium size veins are how big

A

1-9 mm diameter

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33
Q

intima of small to medium size veins consists of

A

thin subendothelial connective tissue layer

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34
Q

superior and inferior vena cava and portal trunk are examples of

A

large veins

35
Q

large veins have _ with

A

thick adventitia (collagenous fibers and longitudinal arranged smooth muscle cells)

36
Q

venous valves prevent _ blood flow; valves are usually in _ to _ size veins; valves are paired _ folds of the intima covered with endothelium

A

retrograde
small to medium
semilunar folds

37
Q

arteriovenous anastomoses have a specialized tunica media with a sphincter; when this shunt is closed what happens

A

arterial blood flows into the capillary bed

38
Q

when the arteriovenous anastomoses shunt is opened what happens

A

blood bypasses the capillary bed and flows into a vein

39
Q

some microvascular beds have a _ sphincter, which controls the amount of blood flowing into the capillary

A

precapillary

40
Q

_ in the intestine are an important route of fat absorption

A

lacteals

41
Q

lacteals are an _ lined vessel; lymph only flows in one direction; towards the base of the neck

A

endothelial

42
Q

lympathic vessels originate in connective tissue as

A

anastomosing capillaries

43
Q

lymphatic capillaries have no

A

basal lamina

44
Q

CNS and bone have no

A

lymphatic system

45
Q

lympathic vessels can be held open by

A

fine anchoring filaments attached to perivascular collagen

46
Q

skeletal muscle has lymphatics only in

A

perimysium

47
Q

foam cell (lipid laden macrophage) formation and fatty deposits in intima may block vessel

A

atherosclerosis

48
Q

smooth muscle cell proliferation that follows angioplasty procedure; may occlude vessel

A

restenosis

49
Q

ballooning out of artery causing weakness in the arterial wall

A

aneurysm

50
Q

tortuous, dilated veins, primarily in legs of older persons; caused by decrease in muscle tone and failure of venous valves

A

varicose veins

51
Q

atheroma formation eventually leads to

A

calcification

52
Q

endothelial cells play a

A

regulatory role

53
Q

endothelial cells produce _ from arachidonic acid; what does this product do

A

prostacyclin that inhibits platelet adhesion and clot formation

54
Q

endothelial cells secrete _ that causes smooth muscle in the t. media to relax = vasodilation

A

nitric oxide

55
Q

endothelial cells also secrete _ that is a vasoconstrictor

A

endothelin-1

56
Q

endothelial cells regulate the traffic of

A

inflammatory cells

57
Q

mother’s circulatory system does not exchange blood with the fetus, only materials carried in the blood; exchange occurs at the interface of what

A

umbilical cord fusing with the uterine walls (placenta)

58
Q

the fetal side (syntrophoblast) consists of an outer layer of

A

multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts

59
Q

heart has 3 layers homologous to the 3 tunics of blood vessels

A

intima: endocardium
media: myocardium
adventitia: epicardium

60
Q

Endocardium is lined by

A

endothelium that is continuous with blood vessels that enter and leave the heart

61
Q

endocardium has a _ of fine collagenous fibers, a thin layer of dense _ connective tissue, and then a subendocardial layer of loose connective tissue connected to the myocardium

A

subendothelial layer

fibroelastic

62
Q

subendocardial CT contains

A

blood vessels, nerves, and Purkinje fibers

63
Q

in the ventricles, the myocardium is arranged into _ and _ layers

A

deep

superficial

64
Q

_ myocardial layer has a spiral course around the ventricle

A

superficial

65
Q

_ myocardial layer has a circular course around the ventricles

A

deep

66
Q

the outermost coat of epicardium is formed by

A

mesothelial cells (note that the visceral layer of the serous pericardium is epicardial mesothelium)

67
Q

underneath mesothelium of epicardium is loose CT and adipose tissue, which contains

A

the coronary blood vessels and nerves (adipose tissue contains these)

68
Q

fibrous skeleton of heart is composed of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

69
Q

fibrous portion of the interventricular septum

A

septum membranaceum

70
Q

fibrous rings around the origins of the pulmonary artery, aorta, and atrioventricular canals

A

annuli fibrosi

71
Q

fibrous tissue between the arterial foramina and the atrioventricular canals

A

trigona fibrosa

72
Q

electrical continuity between myocardial cells of atria and ventricles controlled by specialized conduction tissue

A

A-V bundle

73
Q

SA node fires and then

A

action potentials spread through atria

74
Q

AV node fires and then

A

impulses go along conducting fibers

75
Q

atrioventricular valves are

A

tricuspid and mitral valves

76
Q

AV valves are connected to papillary muscles of the ventricles by fibrous cords called

A

chordae tendineae

77
Q

semilunar valves exist between

A

ventricles and aorta and pulmonary artery

78
Q

valves have both _ and _ layers surrounded by endothelium

A

dense and smooth CT layers

79
Q

SA node is the _ of the heart

A

pacemaker

80
Q

SA node contains _

A

modified cardiac muscle cells

81
Q

AV node forms a common stem called the

A

AV bundle of His

82
Q

AV bundle of His if formed by _ that are made of

A

Purkinje fibers

modified muscle cells filled with glycogen (important)

83
Q

what is the source of polypeptide hormones

A

atrial cardiac muscle cells

84
Q

what is released from modified atrial muscle cells in response to high blood pressure with the purpose to increase sodium and water secretion from kidney

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

Histology exam 2 (6 decks)

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