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Histology exam 2 > Osteochondrogenesis > Flashcards

Osteochondrogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Bone histogenesis occurs by

A

intramembranous and endochondral bone formation (produce identical bones)

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2
Q

the combination of bone formation and resorbtion is

A

bone remodeling (slower in secondary compared to primary bone)

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3
Q

bone is a buffer for

A

calcium

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4
Q

osteoclasts form an _ and then after 2 weeks they undergo apoptosis and osteoblasts start formation of new osteon (remodeling)

A

erosion tunnel

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5
Q

when new bone is laid down on an eroded surface, a thin layer of _ is first produced

A

cementing substance (cementing or reversal line)

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6
Q

process for flat bone formation (skull, clavicle, etc.)

A

intramembranous bone formation

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7
Q

flat bone formation occurs in highly vascular

A

mesenchymal tissue

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8
Q

mesenchymal cells condense into _, differentiate into osteoblasts, and then begin secreting _

A

primary ossification centers

osteoid collagen

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9
Q

first bone formed is called

A

woven bone

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10
Q

osteoblasts trapped in matrix become osteocytes with calficiation; small spicules of developing bone unite to form

A

trabeculae

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11
Q

fusion of bony trabeculae produces _; blood vessels and other undifferentiated mesenchymal cells give rise to bone marrow

A

spongy bone

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12
Q

areas of mesenchymal tissue that don’t ossify differentiate into

A

periosteum and endosteum

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13
Q

woven bone initially formed from irregular osteoid collagen matrix will convert to _ in the outer layers; the inner layer remains as _

A

lamellar bone

spongy bone

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14
Q

process of long bone formation

A

endochondral bone formation

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15
Q

_ serves as a small model for the bone and as a scaffold for bone development (bone follows cartilage)

A

hyaline cartilage

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16
Q

endochondral bone formation has 2 stages

A

development of primary and secondary stages of ossification

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17
Q

primary center of ossificaiton develops at the _ of the cartilaginous model

A

midriff of the diaphysis

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18
Q

vascularization of perichondrium at the primary site of ossification transforms _ to _; they then differentiate into osteoblasts; perichondrium is now called periosteum

A

chondrogenic cells

osteoprogenitor cells

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19
Q

osteoblasts produce the _ on the surface of the cartilaginous model by _

A

subperiosteal bone collar

intramembranous bone formation

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20
Q

the chondrocytes at the primary center of ossification secrete _; the cartilage matrix begins to calcify

A

collagen X

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21
Q

osteoclasts create perforations in the bone collar to allow _ to enter the primitive marrow cavity in the C-model

A

periosteal buds (blood vessels, osteoprogenitor cells, and mesenchymal cells)

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22
Q

primitive marrow cavity formed by lacunae becoming confluent due to

A

calcified cartilage matrix inhibiting nutrient diffusion and hypertrophied chondrocytes dying

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23
Q

Bone matrix on the surface of the calcified cartilage forms a

A

calcified cartilage-calcified bone complex

24
Q

calcified cartilage stains _ while calcified bone stains _

A

basophilic

acidophilic

25
Q

_ begin to reabsorb the calcified cartilage-calcified bone complex enlarging the primitive marrow cavity

A

osteoclasts

26
Q

secondary centers of ossification develop at _

A

epiphyses

27
Q

when the epiphyses are filled with bone tissue, cartilage is found in 2 areas

A

articular surfaces and the epiphyseal plates

28
Q

3 steps of secondary centers of ossification

A

1) articular cartilage remains (does not contribute to bone formation)
2) epiphyseal plates continue to grow (add new cartilage to epiphyseal end while being replaced at diaphyseal end)
3) diaphyseal and epiphyseal bone becomes continuous (this connects the two epiphyseal marrow caviti

29
Q

5 epiphyseal plate zones

A

zone of reserve, proliferation, cell hypertrophy, calcification, and ossification (reabsorbtion)

30
Q

zone of reserve

A

inactive chondrocytes

31
Q

zone of proliferation

A

rapid mitotic divisions

32
Q

zone of cell hypertrophy

A

chondrocytes are enlarged

33
Q

zone of calcification

A

remnants of cartilage matrices become calcified and chondrocytes die

34
Q

zone of ossification (reabsorbtion)

A

bone is made upon the calcified cartilage followed by the reabsorbtion of the calcified bone calcified cartilage complex

35
Q

epiphysis enlarges by _ growth and _ replacement

A

cartilage

bone

36
Q

parathyroid hormone related protein (PTH-RP) stimulates _ chondrocytes to divide but also inhibits _ chrondrocyte hypertrophy

A

reserve zone

proliferative zone

37
Q

proliferation of _ from the periosteum and endosteum surrounding the fracture

A

osteoprogenitor cells

38
Q

a _ forms both internally and externally at a fracture site

A

callus

39
Q

during bone repair, endochondral bone formation replaces the cartilage with _ bone

A

primary (woven)

40
Q

the irregularly arranged trabeculae of primary bone joins the ends of the fractured bone forming a _

A

bony callus

41
Q

primary bone is eventually reabsorbed and replaced with

A

secondary lamellar bone

42
Q

hairline fracture heal via

A

intramembranous bone formation (occurs at the periosteal surface)

43
Q

immoveable joints composed of connective tissue, cartilage, or bone

A

synarthroses (unite the first rib to the sternum)

44
Q

joints with slight movements commonly found in IV disks

A

amphiarthroses

45
Q

permit maximum movement

A

diarthroses (also called synovial joints)

46
Q

diarthroses unite long bones. they are surrounded by a 2-layered _, encloses and seals the articular cavity, which contains _ a colorless viscous fluid rich in _ and proteins

A

capsule
synovial fluid
hyaluronic acid

47
Q

diathroses have a fibrous layer of dense connective tissue

A

external (fibrous) capsular layer

48
Q

diarthroses internal (synovial) capsular layer has two types of cells

A

A and B

49
Q

type A cells are

A

phagocytic with a well-developed Golgi complex and many lysosomes

50
Q

Type B cells

A

resemble fibroblasts with a well developed rER; probably secrete synovial fluid (nutrients diffuse to hyaline cartilage from synovial fluid)

51
Q

synovial tissue under the outer epithelial layers can consist primarily of

A

loose, dense irregular, or adipose tissue depending upon location

52
Q

hereditary disease with abnormal osteoclast function (no remodeling occurs)

A

osteopetrosis

53
Q

form of osteopetrosis

A

Albers-Schnoberg disease (marble bone disease)

54
Q

loss of bone mass (primary trabecular); usually has normal rate of resorbtion but decreased bone formation

A

osteoporosis

55
Q

rheumatoid arthritis starts as an inflammatory

A

reaction in synovial tissue

Histology exam 2 (6 decks)

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