Integument

Question 1

Integument functions (5)

Answer 1

protections, thermoregulation, sensory organ, metabolic (Vitamin D synthesis), excretion (water, salt, and nitrogenous waste)

Question 2

Generally has 3 types

Answer 2

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Question 3

thick skin is usually found on

Answer 3

palms of hand and soles of feet

Question 4

thick skin has no

Answer 4

hair follicles

Question 5

thin skin is found on

Answer 5

skin other than palms and soles

Question 6

thin skin has

Answer 6

hair follicles and thinner epidermis

Question 7

epidermis has stratified squamous epithelial cells called

Answer 7

keratinocytes (produce keratin)

Question 8

Types of epidermis (5) all start with stratum

Answer 8

basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

Question 9

stratum basale has numerous intermediate filaments called _; _ bind cells to basal lamina

Answer 9

tonofilaments

hemidesmosomes

Question 10

stratum spinosum has fibrillar protein called _ that aggregates to form _

Answer 10

cytokeratin

tonofibrils

Question 11

stratum basale and spinosum also have

Answer 11

mitotic figures

Question 12

stratum granulosum cytoplasm has basophilic _

Answer 12

keratohyaline granules

Question 13

stratum granulosum cells also have oval or rod-like _

Answer 13

lamellar granules

Question 14

lamellar granules are formed by lipid bilayers which fuse with cell membranes and _

Answer 14

discharge contents into intercellular spaces of the S. granulosum

Question 15

the product of the lamellar granules and its discharge contents is

Answer 15

glycolipid called acylglucoceramide

Question 16

purpose of acylglucoceramide

Answer 16

penetration barrier to foreign materials and to maintain hydration of the body

Question 17

stratum lucidum is only in

Answer 17

thick skin

Question 18

stratum lucidum has no organelles or nuclei evident; cells contain eleidin, which is a

Answer 18

transformation product that becomes keratin

Question 19

stratum corneum has what kind of cells

Answer 19

dead flattened cells called squames

Question 20

if epidermis is injured, surrounding _ cells _ and _ to cover the wound

Answer 20

basal
migrate
divide

Question 21

what is needed for proper skin healing

Answer 21

retinol (vitamin A) because it’s needed for keratinocyte differentiation

Question 22

first degree burns extend to

Answer 22

S. lucidum

Question 23

2nd degree burns extend to

Answer 23

S. basale

Question 24

3rd degree burns extend to

Answer 24

dermis

Question 25

lipids from lamellar bodies are linked to protein in the cell membrane called

Answer 25

involucrin

Question 26

_ protein aggregates keratin filaments

Answer 26

filaggrin

Question 27

pigment producing cells of S. basale derived from neural crest

Answer 27

melanocytes

Question 28

melanocytes distribute _ to other cells and hair via _

Answer 28

melanin | cytocrine secretion

Question 29

melanin formation occurs within

Answer 29

melanosomes (Derived from Golgi)

Question 30

what enzyme is needed for melanin synthesis

Answer 30

tyrosinase

Question 31

lack of cortisol from the adrenal cortex causes overproduction of ACTH leading to

Answer 31

Addison's disease (increased skin pigmentation)

Question 32

(likely unnecessary) melanin is produced by oxidation of _ to _ and then transformed into melanin

Answer 32

tyrosine | dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)

Question 33

melanocyte cytoplasm is _ than neighboring keratinocytes

Answer 33

less dense

Question 34

star-shaped cells mainly in S. spinosum

Answer 34

Langerhans' cells (epithelial dendritic cells)

Question 35

Langerhans' cells are derived from what

Answer 35

bone marrow (macrophage lineage)

Question 36

Langerhans' cells can migrate out of epidermis to lymph nodes and _ to T cells and differentiate into activated dendritic cells

Answer 36

present antigens

Question 37

do Langerhans' cells form desmosomal attachments with other cells

Answer 37

no

Question 38

Langerhans' cells have unique membrane-bound, rod-like to racquet shaped granuales called

Answer 38

vermiform granules

Question 39

Merkel's cells are tactile epitheloid cells found primarily in

Answer 39

thick skin of palms and soles

Question 40

Merkel's cells cytoplasm has

Answer 40

small dense granules

Question 41

Merkel's cell is involved in

Answer 41

2-point touch discrimination

Question 42

Merkel's cells are in contact with the peripheral neuron terminal and can become _

Answer 42

cancerous

Question 43

dermis supports _ and binds it to the _

Answer 43

epidermis | hypodermis

Question 44

dermis interacts with epidermis via

Answer 44

dermal papillae

Question 45

epidermal counterpart to dermal papilla is called

Answer 45

epidermal ridges or rete ridges

Question 46

dermis binds to the epidermis via _ that extend from the basal lamina and terminate in _

Answer 46

anchoring fibrils | anchoring plaques

Question 47

outermost layer of dermis is called the _ and is _ connective tissue

Answer 47

papillary layer loose (papillary layer may have fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages)

Question 48

_ layer of dermis is composed of

Answer 48

reticular layer | dense irregular connective tissue

Question 49

dermis has follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, and nerves; its extensive capillary network in the papillary layer functions in

Answer 49

thermoregulation

Question 50

deeper continuation of the dermis is called

Answer 50

hypodermis

Question 51

hypodermis is primarily what kinds of tissue

Answer 51

loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

Question 52

what is found near dermis-hypodermis junction

Answer 52

Pacinian corpuscles (pressure/vibration sensors)

Question 53

invagination of epidermis is called a

Answer 53

hair follicle

Question 54

hair follicle terminates in

Answer 54

hair bulb

Question 55

_ projects into hair bulb

Answer 55

dermal papilla

Question 56

epidermal cells covering the dermal papilla form the

Answer 56

hair root

Question 57

cells at the apex of the dermal papilla produce large, vacuolated, moderately keratinized cells that form the

Answer 57

hair medulla

Question 58

other cells around the papilla differentiate into fusiform, heavily keratinized cells that form the

Answer 58

hair cortex

Question 59

cells more peripheral in the hair root produce the

Answer 59

hair cuticle

Question 60

most peripheral root cells produce the

Answer 60

internal and external root sheath

Question 61

hair follicle separated from the dermis by a thickened basal lamina called the

Answer 61

glassy membrane

Question 62

smooth muscle bundles extending from dermis papillary layer to hair follicle connective tissues sheath are

Answer 62

arrector pili muscles

Question 63

sebaceous glands are not found in thick skin; sebaceous glands what type of gland

Answer 63

holocrine

Question 64

dead cells and cell contents of sebaceous glands are called

Answer 64

sebum

Question 65

sudoriferous (sweat) glands are what type of gland

Answer 65

eccrine (merocrine)

Question 66

sweat glands contain 3 types of cells

Answer 66

``` myoepithelial cells (contractile) dark cells (pyramidal cells) clear cells (abundant glycogen but no secretory granules) ```

Question 67

dark cells secrete _ while clear cells secrete _ into intercellular canaliculi

Answer 67

glycoproteins | water and electrolytes

Question 68

sweat glands have a non-viscous secretion and is considered an

Answer 68

ultrafiltrate of plasma

Question 69

apocrine glands have only one kind of secretory cell that produces a viscous protein containing secretion; apocrine sweat glands have what kind of secretion

Answer 69

merocrine

Question 70

plates of keratinized epithelial cells

Answer 70

nails

Question 71

_ is embedded in fold of skin

Answer 71

nail root

Question 72

the stratum corneum of the epithelium over the nail root forms the

Answer 72

eponychium (cutile)

Question 73

_ rests on a bed of epidermis called the _

Answer 73

nail plate | nail bed

Question 74

nail bed contains what

Answer 74

only S. basale and S. spinosum

Question 75

the nail matrix extends from the nail root to the

Answer 75

lunula (white crescent and the base of the nail)

Question 76

little melanin production and vision problems

Answer 76

albinism

Question 77

melanocytes are destroyed-patchy pigmentation

Answer 77

vitiligo

Question 78

freckle due to being in sun

Answer 78

liver spots (not liver related)

Question 79

actinic keratosis is

Answer 79

pre skin cancerous condition where an individual has thick scaly patches of skin

Question 80

slow growing and treatable kind of skin cancer

Answer 80

basal cell carcinoma

Question 81

skin cancer that develops from sun damaged areas

Answer 81

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 82

skin cancer derived from melanocytes

Answer 82

malignant melanoma

Question 83

immune-mediated, genetic disease where an individual has red scaly patches of skin due to inflammation and hyperplasia; individuals may have joint problems

Answer 83

psoriasis