Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the two portions of the respiratory system?
conducting,
respiratory
Everything superior to and including the ___ ____ makes up the conducting portion of the respiratory system. Their function is to ___, ____, and _____ the air
terminal bronchiole
warm, moisten, filter
The nasal cavity consists of a ____, a ____ segment, and a ____ segment
vestibule
olfactory
respiratory
____ are another name for nostril openings and are the outer portion of the nasal cavity (have thin skin)
nares
the ____ is the first internal nasal cavity. It is lined by _____ stratified squamous epithelium. Lining changes to _____ _____ _____ epithelium posteriorly.
vestibule
non-keratinized
pseudostratified cililated columnar
the nasal cavity contains ____ (Short hairs) to filter out large particles. Vascular lamina propria contains _____ glands
vibrasse
seromucous
The _____ ____ is a highly vascularized area located in the roof of the nasal cavity and on sides of the nasal septum and nasal conchae
olfactory epithelium
not my bad grammar lol
Olfactory epithelium consists of ____ _____ epithelium containing ____ cells, _____ cells, and _____ cells
pseudostratified columnar
basal
sustentacular
olfactory
The olfactory epithelium has a lamina propria containing many ____ and ___ nerves and _____ glands
veins
unmyelinated
bowman’s
____ cells are bipolar nerve cells. They have a bulbous apical projection called a ____ vesicle with modified ____
olfactory
olfactory
cilia
Olfactory cilia are very ____ and _____.
long,
nonmotile
The proximal 1/3 of the cilia contains the ___ + ____ pattern but the distal 2/3 has a ____ + ____ pattern. The cilia function as ____ receptors
9 + 2 (9 doublet plus 2 MT pattern)
9 + 1 (9 singlet + central pair)
odor
____ cells have apically located nuclei with many microvili and a prominent terminal web. They provide physical and metabolic _____ to olfactory cells
sustentacular (supporting)
support
____ cells are in contact with basal lamina. They are an incomplete cell layer but act as ______ cells for other cells in the olfactory epithelium
basal
regenerative
____ glands produce a thin watery secretion that is released onto the olfactory epithelium via ____
bowman’s
ducts
Odorous substances dissolved in bowman’s glands secretions are detected by _____ ______
olfactory cilia
Bowman’s gland secretions ____ the surface and prepare the odor receptors to receive new stimuli
flush
The ____ is the posterior continuation of the nasal cavities. It becomes the oropharynx at the level of the ____ ____
nasopharynx
soft palate
The nasopharynx is lined by ____ epithelium
respiratory
the nasopharynx contains mucous and serous glands in the ___ ____, and abundant lymphoid tissue. It includes the nasopharyngeal tonsils called _____
lamina propria
adenoids
The _____ connects the pharynx with the trachea. Its wall is supported by ____ and _____ cartilage.
larynx
hyaline, elastic
The layrnx contains ____ muscle, connective tissue, and glands.
striated
Vocal cords consist of skeletal muscle (Called _____), a ____ ligament (band of elastic fibers), and a covering of _______ stratified squamous epithelium
vocalis
vocal
non-keratinized
_____ folds lie superior to vocal cords. They are folds of _____ CT containing glands, lymphoid aggregations and fat cells. They are covered by _______ epithelium
vestibular
loose
non-keratinized stratified squamous
Trachea walls are supported by ___-shaped hyaline cartilages. The open ends face _____. Smooth muscle called _____ extends between the open ends of these cartilages
C
posteriorly
trachealis
Trachea has dense _____ connective tissue between adjacent C-rings. This permits trachea _____ during inhalation
fibroelastic
elongation
The trachea consists of a mucosa (______ + ______), submucosa, ____ and _____
epithelium, lamina propria
cartilage, adventitia
The lamina propria ends and submucosa begins with a poorly defined ____ _____
elastic membrane
Glands of the trachea are usually found in the _______
submucosa
Specialized cells found in tracheal epithelium include ____ cells, _____ ____ cells, ____ cells, and ___ cells
mucus
small granule
brush
basal
a ___ cell is columnar with blunt microvilli on the surface. The basal portion may be in contact with an ____ nerve ending, acting as a receptor cell
brush
afferent
the _______ cell contains dense granules (catecholamine or other polypeptide hormones). These cells are members of the diffuse _____ system. They are also known as bronchial cells of _____
small granule
endocrine
kulchitsky
____ cells are reserve stem cells for epithelium
basal
Primary bronchi are structurally similar to trachea but ____ rings and spiral bands of smooth muscle completely _____ bronchi
cartilage
encircle
_____ bronchi arise from subdivisions of primary bronchi. These divide many times and give rise to secondary (____) and tertiary (_____) bronchi.
intrapulmonary
lobar
segmental
Intrapulmonary bronchi have _____ cartilage plates in their walls and are lined by _____ epithelium. They contain _____ smooth muscle bundles that separates lamina propria from the submucosa. ____ glands are present
irregular
respiratory
spiraling
seromucous
Bonchi contain ___ layers: mucosa, _____ (smooth muscle layer), submucosa, cartilage layer, and ____
5
muscularis
adventitia
Primary bronchioles lack _____ in submucosa. The walls have ____ ____ rather than ____ _____
glands.
smooth muscle, cartilage plates
Primary bronchiole–>epithelium varies from ciliated columnar with ___ ____ in the larger airways to ciliated columnar with ___ ____ in the smaller passages
goblet cells
clara cells
Primary bronchioles divide to form several ____ ____ after entering the pulmonary lobules
terminal bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles lack glands in _____. The walls contain ____ ____ and no ____ _____
submucosa
smooth muscle, cartilage plates
Terminal bronchioles contain ___ ____ epithelium with mostly ___ cells, some ciliated cells and no ____ cells
simple cuboidal
clara
goblet
___ cells usually have a dome shaped apical surface and no cilia. Cells can divide.
clara
clara cells secrete _______ that protect bronchiolar lining. They also metabolize airbone toxins and contain ____ _____ enzymes present in the smooth ER
glycosaminoglycans
cytochrome P450
Respiratory bronchioles are the area of transition to the respiratory portion of the lung. They have a ___ ____ lining with ____ cells and some ciliated cells proximally and only ____ cells distally
simple cuboidal
clara
clara
Respiratory bronchiole walls are interrupted by _____
alveoli
Alveolar ducts are lined by ____ ____ epithelium and consist of type _ and _ pneumocytes
simple squamous
1,2
alveolar duct walls consist of adjacent alveoli separated from one another by an _____ septum. Alveolar ducts are the most distal portion of the respiratory system to contain ____ _____.
interalveolar
smooth muscle
_____ _____ are outpouchings of numerous alveoli located at the distal end of the alveolar duct
alveolar sacs
____ are pouch-like evaginations in respiratory bronchiole walls, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs. They are separated from each other by interalveolar septa and may contain 1 or more alveolar ____
alveoli
pores
Alveoli have ___ fibers at openings and many ____ fibers in the walls
elastic
reticular
____ are the site of O2 and CO2 diffusion between air and blood. They are lined by simple squamous epithelium of type 1 and 2 ____
alveoli
pneumocytes
type _ pneumocytes are cuboidal and usually found near septal intersections. They have a apical cytoplasm with short ____. They can divide and regenerate both types of alveolar _______.
2
microvilli
pneumocytes
Type _ pneumocytes cover 95% of alveolar surface. They form ____ ____ with adjacent cells. They can/cannot divide
1
tight junctions
cannot
Type 2 pneumocytes contain cytoplasmic ____ ____, contain storage inclusions for ____ ____
lamellar bodies
pulmonary surfactant
Pulmonary surfactant ____ alveolar surface tension.
lowers
The ____ ____ is the partition between two adjacent alveoli. The outer surfaces of alveoli=____ ____ epithelium. The thicker regions contain many ____ and ____ fibers
interalveolar septum
simple squamus
reticular, elastic
The interalveolar septum contains ____ capillaries in its central region. It accomodates the blood-glass barrier, which separates the _____ ____ from the ____ ____
continuous
alveolar airway
capillary lumen
What are the three layers of the blood-gas barrier? What is the diameter of the thinnest region?
type 1 pneumocyte + surfactant layer = airway layer
fused basal lamina of pneumocytes and capillary endothelial cells = middle layer
Endothelium of continuous capillaries=capilllary layer
diameter=.2 um or less
Pulmonary sufactant consists of 4 different proteins (____-A through ___-D) and a phospholipid called _______
SP-A through SP-D
dipalmitoyl-phospholipidcholine (DPPC)
Tubular myelin is another name for _____.
surfactant
In normal conditions, 70-85% of cells in the airway are ____ ____
alveolar macrophages
Alveolar macrophages (____ cells) are phagocytotic. They can move from ___ to ____ and back
dust
septa, alveoli
Inflammatory conditions will result in an increase in ____ and ____ for both types of macrophage
number, activation
____ membrane disease (_____ respiratory distress syndrome) is observed in premature infants, due inadequate amounts of ____.
hyaline, neonatal
surfactant (it isn’t made till 35 weeks)
Hyaline membrane disease is characterized by labored breathing due to difficulty in _____ the alveoli because of ____ _____ surface tension
expanding
high alveolar
Hyaline membrane disease, if detected before birth, can be treated with _____ to induce surfactant synthesis
glucocorticoids
_____ emphysema is destruction of respiratory bronchioles and is found in smokers. ____ emphysema is due to a deficiency in __-___ and is seen by destruction of respiratory bronhioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar walls
centriacinar,
panacinar
alpha1-antitrypsin
Emphysema leads to formation of ___ ____ sacs that reduce gas exchange and surface area. There is also decreased lung ____, so lungs can’t recoil adequately during respiration
cyst-like
elasticity
A hallmark of emphysema is ____ ____
barrel chest
Alpha-1-antitrypsin protects lungs by neutralizing ____ produced by ____
elastase
neutrophils
Decreased numbers of __-____ cause elastase released by neutrophils to destroy _____ fibers
alpha antitrypsin
elastic
alpha antitrypsin is released by the ____
liver
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is associated with ____ ____. It can cause progressive _____ of lungs
endotoxic shock
fibrosis
in ____ ____, fluid leaks into interstitial tissue and alveoli. It can be due to 1. left ventricle dysfunction (____) that causes dilation of pulmonary capillaries and an increase in hydrostatic pressure or 2. destruction of _____ lining due to bacteria, trauma, or other agents
pulmonary edema
cardiogenic
endothelial
____ is caused by a constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle. It is associated with difficult air expiration, mucus accumulation in lungs, and _____ cell infiltration
asthma
inflammatory
Asthma is often associated with allergic reactions. The allergen causes ____ cell degranulation and release of ____ and other substances
mast
histamine
Asthma can be treated with ____ and ____ or other bronhiolar smooth muscle relaxants
epinephrine, isoproterenol
Cystic fibrosis is due to a defective ____ ion channel which leads to ____ ____ buildup
chloride
thick mucus
The visceral lay of lung pleura consists of thin ____ layer attached to the lung. This layer “seals” the lung and underneath it is a connective tissue layer with ____ ____, ____, and ____
mesothelial
blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves
