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Histology Exam 2 - Brendan > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two portions of the respiratory system?

A

conducting,

respiratory

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2
Q

Everything superior to and including the ___ ____ makes up the conducting portion of the respiratory system. Their function is to ___, ____, and _____ the air

A

terminal bronchiole

warm, moisten, filter

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3
Q

The nasal cavity consists of a ____, a ____ segment, and a ____ segment

A

vestibule
olfactory
respiratory

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4
Q

____ are another name for nostril openings and are the outer portion of the nasal cavity (have thin skin)

A

nares

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5
Q

the ____ is the first internal nasal cavity. It is lined by _____ stratified squamous epithelium. Lining changes to _____ _____ _____ epithelium posteriorly.

A

vestibule
non-keratinized
pseudostratified cililated columnar

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6
Q

the nasal cavity contains ____ (Short hairs) to filter out large particles. Vascular lamina propria contains _____ glands

A

vibrasse

seromucous

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7
Q

The _____ ____ is a highly vascularized area located in the roof of the nasal cavity and on sides of the nasal septum and nasal conchae

A

olfactory epithelium

not my bad grammar lol

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8
Q

Olfactory epithelium consists of ____ _____ epithelium containing ____ cells, _____ cells, and _____ cells

A

pseudostratified columnar
basal
sustentacular
olfactory

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9
Q

The olfactory epithelium has a lamina propria containing many ____ and ___ nerves and _____ glands

A

veins
unmyelinated
bowman’s

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10
Q

____ cells are bipolar nerve cells. They have a bulbous apical projection called a ____ vesicle with modified ____

A

olfactory
olfactory
cilia

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11
Q

Olfactory cilia are very ____ and _____.

A

long,

nonmotile

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12
Q

The proximal 1/3 of the cilia contains the ___ + ____ pattern but the distal 2/3 has a ____ + ____ pattern. The cilia function as ____ receptors

A

9 + 2 (9 doublet plus 2 MT pattern)
9 + 1 (9 singlet + central pair)
odor

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13
Q

____ cells have apically located nuclei with many microvili and a prominent terminal web. They provide physical and metabolic _____ to olfactory cells

A

sustentacular (supporting)

support

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14
Q

____ cells are in contact with basal lamina. They are an incomplete cell layer but act as ______ cells for other cells in the olfactory epithelium

A

basal

regenerative

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15
Q

____ glands produce a thin watery secretion that is released onto the olfactory epithelium via ____

A

bowman’s

ducts

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16
Q

Odorous substances dissolved in bowman’s glands secretions are detected by _____ ______

A

olfactory cilia

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17
Q

Bowman’s gland secretions ____ the surface and prepare the odor receptors to receive new stimuli

A

flush

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18
Q

The ____ is the posterior continuation of the nasal cavities. It becomes the oropharynx at the level of the ____ ____

A

nasopharynx

soft palate

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19
Q

The nasopharynx is lined by ____ epithelium

A

respiratory

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20
Q

the nasopharynx contains mucous and serous glands in the ___ ____, and abundant lymphoid tissue. It includes the nasopharyngeal tonsils called _____

A

lamina propria

adenoids

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21
Q

The _____ connects the pharynx with the trachea. Its wall is supported by ____ and _____ cartilage.

A

larynx

hyaline, elastic

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22
Q

The layrnx contains ____ muscle, connective tissue, and glands.

A

striated

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23
Q

Vocal cords consist of skeletal muscle (Called _____), a ____ ligament (band of elastic fibers), and a covering of _______ stratified squamous epithelium

A

vocalis
vocal
non-keratinized

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24
Q

_____ folds lie superior to vocal cords. They are folds of _____ CT containing glands, lymphoid aggregations and fat cells. They are covered by _______ epithelium

A

vestibular
loose
non-keratinized stratified squamous

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25
Q

Trachea walls are supported by ___-shaped hyaline cartilages. The open ends face _____. Smooth muscle called _____ extends between the open ends of these cartilages

A

C
posteriorly
trachealis

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26
Q

Trachea has dense _____ connective tissue between adjacent C-rings. This permits trachea _____ during inhalation

A

fibroelastic

elongation

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27
Q

The trachea consists of a mucosa (______ + ______), submucosa, ____ and _____

A

epithelium, lamina propria

cartilage, adventitia

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28
Q

The lamina propria ends and submucosa begins with a poorly defined ____ _____

A

elastic membrane

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29
Q

Glands of the trachea are usually found in the _______

A

submucosa

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30
Q

Specialized cells found in tracheal epithelium include ____ cells, _____ ____ cells, ____ cells, and ___ cells

A

mucus
small granule
brush
basal

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31
Q

a ___ cell is columnar with blunt microvilli on the surface. The basal portion may be in contact with an ____ nerve ending, acting as a receptor cell

A

brush

afferent

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32
Q

the _______ cell contains dense granules (catecholamine or other polypeptide hormones). These cells are members of the diffuse _____ system. They are also known as bronchial cells of _____

A

small granule
endocrine
kulchitsky

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33
Q

____ cells are reserve stem cells for epithelium

A

basal

34
Q

Primary bronchi are structurally similar to trachea but ____ rings and spiral bands of smooth muscle completely _____ bronchi

A

cartilage

encircle

35
Q

_____ bronchi arise from subdivisions of primary bronchi. These divide many times and give rise to secondary (____) and tertiary (_____) bronchi.

A

intrapulmonary
lobar
segmental

36
Q

Intrapulmonary bronchi have _____ cartilage plates in their walls and are lined by _____ epithelium. They contain _____ smooth muscle bundles that separates lamina propria from the submucosa. ____ glands are present

A

irregular
respiratory
spiraling
seromucous

37
Q

Bonchi contain ___ layers: mucosa, _____ (smooth muscle layer), submucosa, cartilage layer, and ____

A

5
muscularis
adventitia

38
Q

Primary bronchioles lack _____ in submucosa. The walls have ____ ____ rather than ____ _____

A

glands.

smooth muscle, cartilage plates

39
Q

Primary bronchiole–>epithelium varies from ciliated columnar with ___ ____ in the larger airways to ciliated columnar with ___ ____ in the smaller passages

A

goblet cells

clara cells

40
Q

Primary bronchioles divide to form several ____ ____ after entering the pulmonary lobules

A

terminal bronchioles

41
Q

Terminal bronchioles lack glands in _____. The walls contain ____ ____ and no ____ _____

A

submucosa

smooth muscle, cartilage plates

42
Q

Terminal bronchioles contain ___ ____ epithelium with mostly ___ cells, some ciliated cells and no ____ cells

A

simple cuboidal
clara
goblet

43
Q

___ cells usually have a dome shaped apical surface and no cilia. Cells can divide.

A

clara

44
Q

clara cells secrete _______ that protect bronchiolar lining. They also metabolize airbone toxins and contain ____ _____ enzymes present in the smooth ER

A

glycosaminoglycans

cytochrome P450

45
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are the area of transition to the respiratory portion of the lung. They have a ___ ____ lining with ____ cells and some ciliated cells proximally and only ____ cells distally

A

simple cuboidal
clara
clara

46
Q

Respiratory bronchiole walls are interrupted by _____

A

alveoli

47
Q

Alveolar ducts are lined by ____ ____ epithelium and consist of type _ and _ pneumocytes

A

simple squamous

1,2

48
Q

alveolar duct walls consist of adjacent alveoli separated from one another by an _____ septum. Alveolar ducts are the most distal portion of the respiratory system to contain ____ _____.

A

interalveolar

smooth muscle

49
Q

_____ _____ are outpouchings of numerous alveoli located at the distal end of the alveolar duct

A

alveolar sacs

50
Q

____ are pouch-like evaginations in respiratory bronchiole walls, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs. They are separated from each other by interalveolar septa and may contain 1 or more alveolar ____

A

alveoli

pores

51
Q

Alveoli have ___ fibers at openings and many ____ fibers in the walls

A

elastic

reticular

52
Q

____ are the site of O2 and CO2 diffusion between air and blood. They are lined by simple squamous epithelium of type 1 and 2 ____

A

alveoli

pneumocytes

53
Q

type _ pneumocytes are cuboidal and usually found near septal intersections. They have a apical cytoplasm with short ____. They can divide and regenerate both types of alveolar _______.

A

2
microvilli
pneumocytes

54
Q

Type _ pneumocytes cover 95% of alveolar surface. They form ____ ____ with adjacent cells. They can/cannot divide

A

1
tight junctions
cannot

55
Q

Type 2 pneumocytes contain cytoplasmic ____ ____, contain storage inclusions for ____ ____

A

lamellar bodies

pulmonary surfactant

56
Q

Pulmonary surfactant ____ alveolar surface tension.

A

lowers

57
Q

The ____ ____ is the partition between two adjacent alveoli. The outer surfaces of alveoli=____ ____ epithelium. The thicker regions contain many ____ and ____ fibers

A

interalveolar septum
simple squamus
reticular, elastic

58
Q

The interalveolar septum contains ____ capillaries in its central region. It accomodates the blood-glass barrier, which separates the _____ ____ from the ____ ____

A

continuous
alveolar airway
capillary lumen

59
Q

What are the three layers of the blood-gas barrier? What is the diameter of the thinnest region?

A

type 1 pneumocyte + surfactant layer = airway layer
fused basal lamina of pneumocytes and capillary endothelial cells = middle layer
Endothelium of continuous capillaries=capilllary layer

diameter=.2 um or less

60
Q

Pulmonary sufactant consists of 4 different proteins (____-A through ___-D) and a phospholipid called _______

A

SP-A through SP-D

dipalmitoyl-phospholipidcholine (DPPC)

61
Q

Tubular myelin is another name for _____.

A

surfactant

62
Q

In normal conditions, 70-85% of cells in the airway are ____ ____

A

alveolar macrophages

63
Q

Alveolar macrophages (____ cells) are phagocytotic. They can move from ___ to ____ and back

A

dust

septa, alveoli

64
Q

Inflammatory conditions will result in an increase in ____ and ____ for both types of macrophage

A

number, activation

65
Q

____ membrane disease (_____ respiratory distress syndrome) is observed in premature infants, due inadequate amounts of ____.

A

hyaline, neonatal

surfactant (it isn’t made till 35 weeks)

66
Q

Hyaline membrane disease is characterized by labored breathing due to difficulty in _____ the alveoli because of ____ _____ surface tension

A

expanding

high alveolar

67
Q

Hyaline membrane disease, if detected before birth, can be treated with _____ to induce surfactant synthesis

A

glucocorticoids

68
Q

_____ emphysema is destruction of respiratory bronchioles and is found in smokers. ____ emphysema is due to a deficiency in __-___ and is seen by destruction of respiratory bronhioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar walls

A

centriacinar,
panacinar
alpha1-antitrypsin

69
Q

Emphysema leads to formation of ___ ____ sacs that reduce gas exchange and surface area. There is also decreased lung ____, so lungs can’t recoil adequately during respiration

A

cyst-like

elasticity

70
Q

A hallmark of emphysema is ____ ____

A

barrel chest

71
Q

Alpha-1-antitrypsin protects lungs by neutralizing ____ produced by ____

A

elastase

neutrophils

72
Q

Decreased numbers of __-____ cause elastase released by neutrophils to destroy _____ fibers

A

alpha antitrypsin

elastic

73
Q

alpha antitrypsin is released by the ____

A

liver

74
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome is associated with ____ ____. It can cause progressive _____ of lungs

A

endotoxic shock

fibrosis

75
Q

in ____ ____, fluid leaks into interstitial tissue and alveoli. It can be due to 1. left ventricle dysfunction (____) that causes dilation of pulmonary capillaries and an increase in hydrostatic pressure or 2. destruction of _____ lining due to bacteria, trauma, or other agents

A

pulmonary edema
cardiogenic
endothelial

76
Q

____ is caused by a constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle. It is associated with difficult air expiration, mucus accumulation in lungs, and _____ cell infiltration

A

asthma

inflammatory

77
Q

Asthma is often associated with allergic reactions. The allergen causes ____ cell degranulation and release of ____ and other substances

A

mast

histamine

78
Q

Asthma can be treated with ____ and ____ or other bronhiolar smooth muscle relaxants

A

epinephrine, isoproterenol

79
Q

Cystic fibrosis is due to a defective ____ ion channel which leads to ____ ____ buildup

A

chloride

thick mucus

80
Q

The visceral lay of lung pleura consists of thin ____ layer attached to the lung. This layer “seals” the lung and underneath it is a connective tissue layer with ____ ____, ____, and ____

A

mesothelial

blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves

Histology Exam 2 - Brendan (6 decks)

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