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Histology Exam 2 - Brendan > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the integument?
___ and ____ skin (3 layers)
4 other things

A

thick and thin skin–with epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

hair, nails, glands, nerves

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2
Q

Functions of integument (5)

A 
protection
thermoregulation
sensory
metabolic
excretion of excess waste/H2O
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3
Q

Vitamin ___ synthesis occurs in the epidermis

A

D

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4
Q

The ______ _______ shunts blood to the capillaries near the skin when hot.

A

arteriovenous anastomosis

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5
Q

____ skin is found on palms of heads and soles of feet and does not contain ___ _____. Thin skin is found everywhere else and has a ____ epidermis than thick.

A

thick
hair follicles
thinner

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6
Q

The epidermis is made of ____ _____ epithelial cells called keratinocytes. Cells accumulate more keratin as they migrate from the ____ layer. Epidermal cells requires ____ days to mature and desquamate

A

stratified squamous
basal
25-50

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7
Q

What are the 5 epidermal layers? From deep to superficial–>

A 
Stratum basale (germinativum)
Stratum spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

BSGLC

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8
Q

Stratum ____ is a single layer of columnar/cuboidal cells. There are numerous ___ figures in this layer. Cells contain numerous IF’s called _____. ____ are found on the lateral and upper surface while ____ bind the cells to the basal lamina

A 
basale
mitotic
tonofilaments
desmisomes
hemidesmisomes
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9
Q

Stratum ____ contains polygonal cells that may be slightly flattened. These cells are filled with spiny ____ filaments and terminate with _______. Cells accumulate fibrilary protein that aggregates to form _____. ___ figures are also present

A 
spinosum
intermediate
desmosomes
tonofibrils
mitotic
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10
Q

Stratum ____ is the main barrier layer and consists of flattened polygonal cells. The cytoplasm is basophillic due to _____ _____. Cells also have oval or rod-like ____ _____.

A

granulosum
keratohyaline granules
lamellar granules

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11
Q

Stratum granulosum–____ granules are formed by lipid bilayers which fuse with cell membranes and discharge contents into intercellular spaces. The product is a glycolipid called _______. It serves as a penetration barrier to foreign materials and to maintain ____ of the body

A

lamellar
acylglucoceramide
hydration

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12
Q

Stratum ____ is found only in thick skin. It is a thin layer of eisonophillic, newly keratinized cells and is sometimes called the _____ ______. There are no organelles or nuclei evident, but cells contain ____, a transformation product of keratohyalin.

A

lucidum
vermillion border
eleidin

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13
Q

Stratum ____ is the most superficial layer and consists of 15-20 nonnucleated cells filled with keratin. Dead flattened cells are called _____

A

corneum

squames

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14
Q

If epidermis is injured, surrounding ____ ____ migrate and divide to cover the wound. ____ (vitamin A) is necessary for proper skin healing as it is a factor needed for ____ differentiation

A

basal cells
retinol
keratinocyte

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15
Q

First degree burns extend to the stratum ____
second degree burns extend to the stratum _____
third degree burns extend to the ____

A

lucidum
basale
dermis

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16
Q

In the stratum ____, glycolipids are secreted to form a multilayered lipid bilayer on the outside of the cell membrane

A

granulosum

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17
Q

in the stratum ____, a protein complex of involucrin, small proline rich protein, ____, and keratin-____ aggregates link to the cytoplasmic side of cell membrane

A

corneum
loricin
fillagrin

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18
Q

____ are pigment producing cells of the stratum basale that are derived from ___ _____

A

melanocytes

neural cret

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19
Q

melanocytes rest on basal lamina and send cell processes into the stratum ____. The distribute melanin to other cells via processes–this is called _____ secretion. Pigment granules are exocytosed from melanocytes and then endocytosed by _____

A

spinosum
cytocrine
keratinocytes

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20
Q

Melanin formation occurs within ______ (derived from golgi). The enzyme ____ is needed for melanin syntheiss

A

melanosomes

tyrosinase

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21
Q

lack of cortisol from the adrenal cortex causes overproduction of ____, which increases skin pigmentation. This is called ______ disease

A

ACTH

addison’s

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22
Q

In _____, melanocytes do not make melanin

A

albinism

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23
Q

Depigmentation (loss of melanocytes) occurs in _____

A

vitiligo

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24
Q

Melanocyte cytoplasm is ____ and less dense than neighboring keratinocytes

A

lighter.

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25
Q

____ cells are antigen presenting cells

A

langerhans’

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26
Q

Langerhans cells are bone marrow derived and come from a _____ lineage. They can migrate out of epidermis to lymph nodes and present ____ to T-cells. They can also differentiate into activated ____ cells

A

macrophage
antigens
dendritic (antigen-presenting cells: present antigens on their surface and show their stuff off to T-cells. the link between innate and adaptive immunity)

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27
Q

Langerhans’ cells do/do not form desmosomal attachments with other cells

A

do not

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28
Q

Langerhans cells have unique, membrane bound rod shaped granules that are called _____ or vermiform granules. The granules contain proteins (such as _____) necessary for antigen uptake

A

birbeck

langerin

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29
Q

____ cells are tactile epithelioid cells associated with sensory nerve endings and are primarily in thick skin of palms and soles, as well as the tongue and lips.

A

Merkel’s

30
Q

Merkel cells contain ctyoplasm with small, dense granules that may be related to ____ containing granules of _______ cells

A

catecholamine

neuroendocine

31
Q

The base of the merkel cell is in contact with the ____ _____ _____

A

peripheral neuron terminal

32
Q

Merkel cells are involved in __ ____ discrimination. They can also cause aggressive merkel cell _____

A

2 point

carcinoma

33
Q

The surface of dermis interdigitates with epidermis via ____ _____. The epidermal counterpart of this is called ____ _____

A 
dermal papillae
epidermal ridges (or rete ridges)
34
Q

Anchoring fibrils extend from the basal lamina and terminate in anchoring ____ to bind the dermis to epidermis. Type _ collagen is important here

A

plaques

7

35
Q

The outermost layer of the dermis is the _____ layer and is made of _____ connective tissue. Fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages may be present

A

papillary

loose

36
Q

The ____ layer of the dermis is thicker than the papillary layer and contains _____ _____ connective tissue. The dermis contains follicles, nerves, and ____ and ____ glands

A

reticular
dense irregular
sweat, subaceous

37
Q

The dermis contains a extensive capillary network in the _____ layer and functions in ______.

A

papillary

thermoregulation

38
Q

The hypodermis is a deeper continuation of dermis and contains primarily _____ connective tissue and _____ tissue

A

loose

adipose

39
Q

_____ corpuscles are found near the dermis-hypodermis junction and act as ______ sensors

A

pacinian

pressure/vibration

40
Q

The hair follice is an invagination of _____ and terminates in a hair _____

A

epidermis

bulb

41
Q

_____ ____ projects into the hair bulb. Epidermal cells covering this form the hair ____ that produces and is continuous with the hair shaft

A

dermal papilla

root

42
Q

Cells at the apex of the dermal papilla produce large, vacuolated, moderately keratinized cells called hair____

A

medulla.

medulla is center of hair follicle

43
Q

Cells around the papilla differentiate into fusiform, heavily keratinized cells called hair _____

A

cortex

surrounds medulla

44
Q

Cells more peripheral in the root produce hair _____

A

cuticle

surrounds cortex

45
Q

the most peripheral cells in the hair root produce ____ and _____ root sheath

A

internal and external

46
Q

The ____ membrane surrounds the external root sheath and separates the hair follicle from the dermis

A

glassy

47
Q

Smooth muscle bundles extending from dermis papillary layer to the hair follicle connective tissue sheath are called ____ _____

A

arrector pilli

48
Q

If epidermis is lost, clonogenic keratinocyte stem cells can migrate from the ____ ____ and become keratinocytes.

A

hair follicle

49
Q

____ glands are found on the face, forehead, and scalp; but not the palms and soles

A

subaceous

50
Q

Subaceous glands exhibit _____ secretion. The ____ is the basal layer of undifferentiated flattened epithelial cells on the basal lamina. As the cells proliferate, these gland ____ fill with cells containing fat droplets and nuclei become pyknotic. The cells burst and _____ _____

A

holocrine
acini
acini
release contents

51
Q

dead cells + cell contents =

related to subaceous glans

A

sebum

52
Q

Sweat glands are an example of a _____ gland. They are a simple coiled tubular gland that have ducts that open onto ___ ____. They receive ____ nerve fibers

A

merocrine/eccrine
skin surface
cholinergic

53
Q

Sweat glands contain contractile myoepithelial cells which are ____ smooth muscle cells. They contain ___ cells (no secretory granules but high glycogen) and ____ cells (mucoid and pyramid)

A

single
clear
dark

54
Q

___ cells secrete glycoproteins. ___ cells secrete H2O and electrolytes into intercellular _____

A

dark
clear
canaliculi

55
Q

The following are present in clear sweat cell secretion-____, _____, ____, ____, ____, ____

A

protein (small amount), water, NaCl, urea, ammonia, uric acid

56
Q

____ sweat glands are present in axillary, aerola, and anal regions only. These ducts open into ____ ____

A

apocrine

hair follicles

57
Q

____ sweat glands contain only one kind of secretory cell. it produces a viscous ____-containing secretion.

A

apocrine

protein

58
Q

Apocrine sweat glands receive _____ nerve fibers

A

adrenergic

59
Q

apocrine sweat glands have a ____ mechanism of secretion

A

merocrine (don’t try to think about it, just remember it) ((…especially because it probs isn’t true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_gland#Mechanism))

60
Q

____ are plates of keratinized epithelial cells

A

nails

61
Q

the nail ____ is embedded in the fold of skin. The stratum corneum of the epithelium runs over this layer and forms the _____

A

root

eponychium (cuticle)

62
Q

Nail plate arises from ____ ____

A

nail matrix

63
Q

the nail matrix extends from the nail root to the ____, which is a white crescent.

A

lanula

64
Q

Disease characterized by little melanin production, vision problems due to abnormal retina development

A

albinism

65
Q

___ is when melanocytes are destroyed and causes patchy pigmentation

A

vitiligo

66
Q

____ spots are non-pathological freckles due to being in the sun.

A

liver

67
Q

____ ____ is a precancerous skin condition characterized by thick scaly patches of skin

A

actinic keratosis

68
Q

____ ____ carcinoma is 90% of the skin cancers and is slow growing and treatable

A

basal cell

69
Q

____ ____ carcinoma often develops from sun damaged areas

A

squamous cell

70
Q

____ ____ is derived from melanocytes, and is hard to treat once metastasized.

A

malignant melonoma

71
Q

____ is an immune-mediated, geneitc disease. Red scaly patches of skin appear due to inflammation and hyperplasia. It is mainly due to ______ ______ of cells

A

psoriasis

incomplete keratinization

Histology Exam 2 - Brendan (6 decks)

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