Integument Flashcards
What makes up the integument?
___ and ____ skin (3 layers)
4 other things
thick and thin skin–with epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
hair, nails, glands, nerves
Functions of integument (5)
protection thermoregulation sensory metabolic excretion of excess waste/H2O
Vitamin ___ synthesis occurs in the epidermis
D
The ______ _______ shunts blood to the capillaries near the skin when hot.
arteriovenous anastomosis
____ skin is found on palms of heads and soles of feet and does not contain ___ _____. Thin skin is found everywhere else and has a ____ epidermis than thick.
thick
hair follicles
thinner
The epidermis is made of ____ _____ epithelial cells called keratinocytes. Cells accumulate more keratin as they migrate from the ____ layer. Epidermal cells requires ____ days to mature and desquamate
stratified squamous
basal
25-50
What are the 5 epidermal layers? From deep to superficial–>
Stratum basale (germinativum) Stratum spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum
BSGLC
Stratum ____ is a single layer of columnar/cuboidal cells. There are numerous ___ figures in this layer. Cells contain numerous IF’s called _____. ____ are found on the lateral and upper surface while ____ bind the cells to the basal lamina
basale mitotic tonofilaments desmisomes hemidesmisomes
Stratum ____ contains polygonal cells that may be slightly flattened. These cells are filled with spiny ____ filaments and terminate with _______. Cells accumulate fibrilary protein that aggregates to form _____. ___ figures are also present
spinosum intermediate desmosomes tonofibrils mitotic
Stratum ____ is the main barrier layer and consists of flattened polygonal cells. The cytoplasm is basophillic due to _____ _____. Cells also have oval or rod-like ____ _____.
granulosum
keratohyaline granules
lamellar granules
Stratum granulosum–____ granules are formed by lipid bilayers which fuse with cell membranes and discharge contents into intercellular spaces. The product is a glycolipid called _______. It serves as a penetration barrier to foreign materials and to maintain ____ of the body
lamellar
acylglucoceramide
hydration
Stratum ____ is found only in thick skin. It is a thin layer of eisonophillic, newly keratinized cells and is sometimes called the _____ ______. There are no organelles or nuclei evident, but cells contain ____, a transformation product of keratohyalin.
lucidum
vermillion border
eleidin
Stratum ____ is the most superficial layer and consists of 15-20 nonnucleated cells filled with keratin. Dead flattened cells are called _____
corneum
squames
If epidermis is injured, surrounding ____ ____ migrate and divide to cover the wound. ____ (vitamin A) is necessary for proper skin healing as it is a factor needed for ____ differentiation
basal cells
retinol
keratinocyte
First degree burns extend to the stratum ____
second degree burns extend to the stratum _____
third degree burns extend to the ____
lucidum
basale
dermis
In the stratum ____, glycolipids are secreted to form a multilayered lipid bilayer on the outside of the cell membrane
granulosum
in the stratum ____, a protein complex of involucrin, small proline rich protein, ____, and keratin-____ aggregates link to the cytoplasmic side of cell membrane
corneum
loricin
fillagrin
____ are pigment producing cells of the stratum basale that are derived from ___ _____
melanocytes
neural cret
melanocytes rest on basal lamina and send cell processes into the stratum ____. The distribute melanin to other cells via processes–this is called _____ secretion. Pigment granules are exocytosed from melanocytes and then endocytosed by _____
spinosum
cytocrine
keratinocytes
Melanin formation occurs within ______ (derived from golgi). The enzyme ____ is needed for melanin syntheiss
melanosomes
tyrosinase
lack of cortisol from the adrenal cortex causes overproduction of ____, which increases skin pigmentation. This is called ______ disease
ACTH
addison’s
In _____, melanocytes do not make melanin
albinism
Depigmentation (loss of melanocytes) occurs in _____
vitiligo
Melanocyte cytoplasm is ____ and less dense than neighboring keratinocytes
lighter.
____ cells are antigen presenting cells
langerhans’
Langerhans cells are bone marrow derived and come from a _____ lineage. They can migrate out of epidermis to lymph nodes and present ____ to T-cells. They can also differentiate into activated ____ cells
macrophage
antigens
dendritic (antigen-presenting cells: present antigens on their surface and show their stuff off to T-cells. the link between innate and adaptive immunity)
Langerhans’ cells do/do not form desmosomal attachments with other cells
do not
Langerhans cells have unique, membrane bound rod shaped granules that are called _____ or vermiform granules. The granules contain proteins (such as _____) necessary for antigen uptake
birbeck
langerin
____ cells are tactile epithelioid cells associated with sensory nerve endings and are primarily in thick skin of palms and soles, as well as the tongue and lips.
Merkel’s
Merkel cells contain ctyoplasm with small, dense granules that may be related to ____ containing granules of _______ cells
catecholamine
neuroendocine
The base of the merkel cell is in contact with the ____ _____ _____
peripheral neuron terminal
Merkel cells are involved in __ ____ discrimination. They can also cause aggressive merkel cell _____
2 point
carcinoma
The surface of dermis interdigitates with epidermis via ____ _____. The epidermal counterpart of this is called ____ _____
dermal papillae epidermal ridges (or rete ridges)
Anchoring fibrils extend from the basal lamina and terminate in anchoring ____ to bind the dermis to epidermis. Type _ collagen is important here
plaques
7
The outermost layer of the dermis is the _____ layer and is made of _____ connective tissue. Fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages may be present
papillary
loose
The ____ layer of the dermis is thicker than the papillary layer and contains _____ _____ connective tissue. The dermis contains follicles, nerves, and ____ and ____ glands
reticular
dense irregular
sweat, subaceous
The dermis contains a extensive capillary network in the _____ layer and functions in ______.
papillary
thermoregulation
The hypodermis is a deeper continuation of dermis and contains primarily _____ connective tissue and _____ tissue
loose
adipose
_____ corpuscles are found near the dermis-hypodermis junction and act as ______ sensors
pacinian
pressure/vibration
The hair follice is an invagination of _____ and terminates in a hair _____
epidermis
bulb
_____ ____ projects into the hair bulb. Epidermal cells covering this form the hair ____ that produces and is continuous with the hair shaft
dermal papilla
root
Cells at the apex of the dermal papilla produce large, vacuolated, moderately keratinized cells called hair____
medulla.
medulla is center of hair follicle
Cells around the papilla differentiate into fusiform, heavily keratinized cells called hair _____
cortex
surrounds medulla
Cells more peripheral in the root produce hair _____
cuticle
surrounds cortex
the most peripheral cells in the hair root produce ____ and _____ root sheath
internal and external
The ____ membrane surrounds the external root sheath and separates the hair follicle from the dermis
glassy
Smooth muscle bundles extending from dermis papillary layer to the hair follicle connective tissue sheath are called ____ _____
arrector pilli
If epidermis is lost, clonogenic keratinocyte stem cells can migrate from the ____ ____ and become keratinocytes.
hair follicle
____ glands are found on the face, forehead, and scalp; but not the palms and soles
subaceous
Subaceous glands exhibit _____ secretion. The ____ is the basal layer of undifferentiated flattened epithelial cells on the basal lamina. As the cells proliferate, these gland ____ fill with cells containing fat droplets and nuclei become pyknotic. The cells burst and _____ _____
holocrine
acini
acini
release contents
dead cells + cell contents =
related to subaceous glans
sebum
Sweat glands are an example of a _____ gland. They are a simple coiled tubular gland that have ducts that open onto ___ ____. They receive ____ nerve fibers
merocrine/eccrine
skin surface
cholinergic
Sweat glands contain contractile myoepithelial cells which are ____ smooth muscle cells. They contain ___ cells (no secretory granules but high glycogen) and ____ cells (mucoid and pyramid)
single
clear
dark
___ cells secrete glycoproteins. ___ cells secrete H2O and electrolytes into intercellular _____
dark
clear
canaliculi
The following are present in clear sweat cell secretion-____, _____, ____, ____, ____, ____
protein (small amount), water, NaCl, urea, ammonia, uric acid
____ sweat glands are present in axillary, aerola, and anal regions only. These ducts open into ____ ____
apocrine
hair follicles
____ sweat glands contain only one kind of secretory cell. it produces a viscous ____-containing secretion.
apocrine
protein
Apocrine sweat glands receive _____ nerve fibers
adrenergic
apocrine sweat glands have a ____ mechanism of secretion
merocrine (don’t try to think about it, just remember it) ((…especially because it probs isn’t true https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_gland#Mechanism))
____ are plates of keratinized epithelial cells
nails
the nail ____ is embedded in the fold of skin. The stratum corneum of the epithelium runs over this layer and forms the _____
root
eponychium (cuticle)
Nail plate arises from ____ ____
nail matrix
the nail matrix extends from the nail root to the ____, which is a white crescent.
lanula
Disease characterized by little melanin production, vision problems due to abnormal retina development
albinism
___ is when melanocytes are destroyed and causes patchy pigmentation
vitiligo
____ spots are non-pathological freckles due to being in the sun.
liver
____ ____ is a precancerous skin condition characterized by thick scaly patches of skin
actinic keratosis
____ ____ carcinoma is 90% of the skin cancers and is slow growing and treatable
basal cell
____ ____ carcinoma often develops from sun damaged areas
squamous cell
____ ____ is derived from melanocytes, and is hard to treat once metastasized.
malignant melonoma
____ is an immune-mediated, geneitc disease. Red scaly patches of skin appear due to inflammation and hyperplasia. It is mainly due to ______ ______ of cells
psoriasis
incomplete keratinization
