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Histology Exam 2 - Brendan > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

The three layers or tunics of blood vessels are called: (from lumen side to periphery)

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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2
Q

Large vessels have other smaller vessels called ___ ___ branching through adventitia. Veins have ____ of these vessels than arteries

A

vasa vasorum

more

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3
Q

larger vessels may have lymphatic vessels and nerves in the adventitia as well. Nerves running through the adventitia are called

A

nervi vascularis .

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4
Q

tunica ____ =fibroelastic connective tissue (dense irregular CT plus small amounts of elastic fiber)

A

adventitia

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5
Q

Tunica ____ = endothelium + underlying subdendothelial connective tissue. It includes ____ elastic lamina in larger vessels

A

intima

internal

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6
Q

tunica ____ = primarily smooth muscle cells and also ____ elastic lamina

A

media

external

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7
Q

Large arteries are classified as _____, medium size are ____, and small are _____

A

elastic
muscular
arterioles

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8
Q

____ (conducting) arteries conduct blood to muscular arteries. Examples include aorta, pulmonary, brachiocephalic

A

Elastic

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9
Q

Arteries: Elastic fibers of intima form an incomplete ____ elastic lamina. _____ layer of loose CT contains collagen, elastic fibers, and fibroblasts

A

internal

subendothelial

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10
Q

Arteries: Thick media is made of 40-70 concentric ____ sheets. Thin adventitia is made of ____ and ____ fibers.

A

elastic

collagen elastic

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11
Q

____ arteries distribute blood to organs. These have an intima that is _____ than that of elastic arteries and a well developed ____ elastic lamina

A

muscular
thinner
internal

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12
Q

in the intima, subendothelial connective tissue of muscular arteries lack ____ ____ cells. The tunica media is up to 40 circular layers of ____ _____ cells

A

smooth muscle

smooth muscle

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13
Q

A thick ____ elastic lamina lies at the edge of the tunica media in muscular arteries.

A

external

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14
Q

___ have very sparse subendothelial connective tissue

A

arterioles

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15
Q

the tunic media of arterioles has 1-3 layers of ___ ___ cells with occasional ____ fibers

A

smooth muscle

elastic

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16
Q

The adventitia of arterioles consists of a layer of ____ _____ tissue with longitudinally arranged ____ and elastic fibers

A

loose connective

collagenous

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17
Q

___ are more rounded and contain more smooth muscle while ____ have an irregularly shaped lumen and less smooth muscle

A

arterioles

venules

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18
Q

____ have a single layer of endothelial cells. They are surrounded by a thin sheath of ____ and collagenous fibers and some ____ (mesenchymal like stem cells)

A

capillaries
reticular
pericytes

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19
Q

In wound healing, _____ from capillaries may differentiate into fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells

A

pericytes

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20
Q

____ capillaries have a continous endothelium and basal lamina and no _____. They contain numerous ______ vesicles for transcytosis

A

continous
fenestrations
pincytotic

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21
Q

continuous capillaries are located in ____, ____, ____, _____, and _____

A

muscle, connective tissue, CNS, exocrine pancreas, gonads

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22
Q

In the CNS, ____ capillaries have a type of tight junction that contributes to the blood brain barrier

A

continuous

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23
Q

Fenestrated capillaries have an ____ epithelium with large fenestrae closed by thin _____

A

attenuated

diaphragms

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24
Q

Location of fenestrated capillaries: (5)

A

mucosa of GI tract, endocrine glands, renal glomerular/peritubular capillaries, choroid plexus, ciliary bodies

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25
Q

Fenestrated endothelium in the ____ capillaries have no diaphragms

A

glomerular

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26
Q

_____ (_____) capillaries have wide gaps between cells, irregular tortuous walls, and an incomplete basal lamina.

A

Discontinous (sinusoidal)

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27
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries are found in ____, ____, and _____

A

liver

bone marrow and spleen (homopoietic organs)

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28
Q

The three types of capillaries are ____ ____ and ____

A

continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous

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29
Q

_____ venules receive blood from capillaries and have an incomplete layer of ____

A

postcapillary

pericytes

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30
Q

post capillary venules are an important site of activity in _____. Vasoactive compounds such as ____ and ____ affect fluid extravasation and migration of WBC

A

inflammation

serotonin, histamine

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31
Q

The intima of a venule consists of ____ cells. The media has ___ layers of smooth muscle cells and the adventiita has several layers of ____ fibers

A

endothelial
1-2
collagen

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32
Q

<p>\_\_\_\_ venules have NO pericytes and 1-2 layers of smooth muscle with a thin tunica adventitia</p>

A

<p>muscular</p>

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33
Q

____ of small to medium size veins may have a thin subendothelial connective tissue layer

A

intima

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34
Q

small/medium sized Veins have a thin media with some ___ and ___ fibers interspersed with ____ ____ cells

A

reticular, elastic

smooth muscle

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35
Q

small to medium sized Veins have a well developed ____ with multiple layers of collagenous fibers with a few smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

A

adventitia

36
Q

Large veins include the ____, ____, and ____. They have a ____ adventitia with collagenous fibers and longitudinal arranged smooth muscle cells

A

superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, portal trunk

thick

37
Q

Small to medium sized veins may have valves to prevent ____ blood flow (primarily in lower limbs). Valves are paired, semilunar folds of _____ covered with endothelium

A

retrograde

intima

38
Q

____ ____ are connections primarily between arterioles and venules.

A

Arteriovenous anastamoses

39
Q

at the anastamoses of arteioles and venules, there is a specialized tunic ____ with a _____

A

media

sphincter

40
Q

When the arterivenous anastomoses sphincter is closed, arterial blood flows into the ____. When the shunt is open, blood flows into the ____

A

capillary bed

vein

41
Q

Some microvascular beds have a _____ _____ which controls the amount of blood flowing into the capillary

A

precapillary sphincter

42
Q

Fluid scavenged by the lymphatic system is filtered by lymph ____ and recycled back into the venous circulation at the base of the ____

A

nodes

neck

43
Q

____ in the intestine are an important route of fat absorption

A

lacteals

44
Q

Lymphatic vessels are an ______ lined vessel. Lymph flows in __ direction.

A 
endothelial
1 (toward the base of the neck)
45
Q

Lymphatic vessels originate in ____ _____ as anastomosing capillaries. Lymphatic capillaries have no ___ _____

A

connective tissue

basal lamina

46
Q

____ and ____ ____ have no lymphatic system.

A

CNS, bone marrow

47
Q

In smaller lymph vessels, fine anchoring filaments attached to _____ collagen hold the vessel open. Large vessels have a ____, ____, and ____ like blood vessels

A

perivascular

intima, media, adventitia

48
Q

The two main lymphatic vessels are the ____ ____ duct and ____ _____ duct and are structurally similar to veins, with smooth muscle present

A

main thoracic

right lymphatic

49
Q

Lymphatic vessels have paired ____ ____ to prevent back flow of lymph

A

cusp valves

50
Q

____ _____ has lymphatics only in perimysium

A

skeletal muscle

51
Q

_____ is foam cell formation and fatty deposits in the intima which may block the vessel

A

athersclerosis

52
Q

____ is due to smooth muscle cell proliferation that follows an angioplasty procedure. It may occlude the vessel

A

restenosis

53
Q

an _____ is a ballooning out of an artery. It is due to ___ in the arterial wall. It can be due to atherosclerosis, syphillis, CT disorders

A

aneurysm

weakness

54
Q

____ veins are tortuous, dilated veins that are primarily in the ____ of older persons. They are caused by a decrease in muscle tone and failure of venous valves

A

varicose

legs

55
Q

LDL acts a _____ molecuoule in atheroma formation. ____ of a blood vessel is correlated with blockage

A

proinflammatory

calcification

56
Q

Endothelial cells produce ____ from arachidonic acid. It inhibits platelet adhesion and clot formation

A

prostacyclin

57
Q

Endothelial cells secrete ____ ____ which causes smooth muscle in the tunica media to relax and produce _____. _____ is produced by endothelial cells and acts as a vasoconstrictor.

A

nitric oxide
vasodilation
endothelin 1

58
Q

Endothelial cells regulate the traffic of inflammatory cells. Early in inflammation, macrophages in surrounding CT secrete ____ which induce expression of _-______ by endothelial cells

A

cytokines

E-selectin

59
Q

____ bind to selectins and then extravasate then by migration through the endothelium

A

neutrophils

60
Q

____ blood is exchanged between the mother and fetus.

A

no

61
Q

Exchange between mother and fetus occurs at the interface where the _____ ____ fuses with the _____

A 
umbillical cord 
uterine walls (placenta)
62
Q

the fetal side of blood circulation consists of ______ _______

A

multinucelated synctiotrophoblasts

63
Q

What are the three layers of heart? (from interior to exterior)

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

64
Q

The endocardium is lined by ____ and is continuous with ___ _____ that enter and leave the heart

A

endothelium

blood vessels

65
Q

Endocardium has a subendothelial layer of ____ ____ fibers, a thin layer of dense ____ connective tissue, and a subendocardial layer of ____ connective tissue connected to the myocardium

A

fine collagenous
fibroelastic
loose

66
Q

The subendocardial CT contains blood vessels, nerves, and portions of the impulse-conducting system called _____. Endocardium does not contain _____

A

purkinje fibers

lipid

67
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue is called _____. In ventricles, it is arranged into ___ and ____ layers

A

myocardium

superficial, deep

68
Q

the superficial layer of myocardium has a ____ ____ around the ventricle. The deep fibers have a ____ _____

A

spiral course

circular course

69
Q

The outermost coat of epicardium is formed by _____ cells. This is equivalent to the ___ layer of serous pericardium

A

mesothelial

visceral

70
Q

The fibrous skeleton of the heart is composed of ____ _____ CT.

A

dense irregular

71
Q

the _____ _____ is the fibrous portion of the interventricular septum

A

septum membranaceum

72
Q

____ _____ are fibrous rings around the origins of the pulmonary artery, aorta, and AV canals

A

annuli fibrosi

73
Q

____ ____ = fibrous tissue between the atrial foramin and AV canals

A

trigona fibrosa

74
Q

____ around AV orficies results in electrical discontinuity between myocardial cells of ___ and ____.

A

annuli

atria, ventricles

75
Q

Anulli around AV orfices controls communication between the atria and ventricles via specialized conduction tissue called the _____ ____

A

AV bundle

76
Q

When the ____ node fires, action potentials spread through the atria. When the ____ node fires, impulses go along conducting fibers

A

SA

AV

77
Q

heart valves have both ____ and _____ __ layers surrounded by endothelium

A

loose, dense CT

78
Q

The ___ ____ of valves is continuous with the cardiac skeleton

A

dense CT

79
Q

The ____ node is the pacemaker of the heart. It contains ____ cardiac muscle cells concentrically arranged around a ____ artery. Impulse spreads from this node via specialized conduction fibers to the ___ node

A

SA
modified
nodal
AV

80
Q

the ___ node lies beneath the endocardium of the septal wall of the right _____. This node continues to form a common stem, called the bundle of ____

A

AV
atrium
His

81
Q

The AV bundle of His is formed by _____ fibers (cardiac conduction fibers). These penetrate the skeleton and then branch to form right and left ____ branches

A

purkinje

bundle

82
Q

Purkinje fibers are made of modified ___ cells filled with ____

A

muscle

glycogen

83
Q

Purkinje fibers travel in the subendocardial layer to the heart ____, then reverse direction and branch to make contact and form ___ junctions with cardiac muscle cells.

A

apex

gap

84
Q

Atrial cardiac muscle cells are the source of _____ _____

A

polypeptide hormones

85
Q

_____ ____ _____ (___) is released from modified atrial muscle cells in response to high blood pressure. The primary effect is to ____ sodium and ____ secretion from the kidney

A

Atrial natriurietic polypeptide (ANP)

increase, water

Histology Exam 2 - Brendan (6 decks)

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