Cartilage and Bone Flashcards
Cartilage is _____. Nutrients and waste materials pass to and from cells through matrix via diffusion. cartilage contains _____ embedded in extracelullar matrix
avascular
chondrocytes
Cartilage functions (2)
support soft tissues
guide development and growth of long bones
The three types of cartilage are:
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
hyaline cartilage is located at three main areas:
It is also the temporary _____ for the fetus until replaed with bone
- articular ends of long bones in adults
- walls of respiratory system (nose, larynx, trachea, bronnchi)
- Ventral ends of ribs.
skeleton
Hyaline cartilage matrix consists of an homogenous amorphorus ground substance with ______ aggregates (containing chronditin and ____ sulfate and hyaluronic acid).
proteoglyan
keratin
Hyaline cartilage matrix contains proteoglycan aggregates and ______ (a glycoprotein) embedded in type __ collagen
chondronectin
2
The area adjacent to chondrocytes is called the _____ matrix. It is poor in collagen but rich in _____
territorial (caspular)
glycosaminoglycans
The territorial matrix is very ____ and stains more intensely with PAS stain compared to the _____ matrix.
basophilic – due to sulfate groups
interterritorial (intercapsular) matrix
_____ is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds hyaline cartilage (Except at articular surfaces)
perichondrium
perichondrium consists of an outer fibrous layer that contains type _ collagen, fibroblasts and blood vessels. The inner cellular layer contains ______ cells and is the source of new cartilage cells.
1
chondrogenic
The _____ provides blood supply for the avascular cartilage
perichondrium
_____ are mature cartilage cells embedded in lacunae in the matrix
chondrocytes
chrondogenic cells form _____ that produce cartilage matrix. When surrounded in matrix, they are now called _____
chondroblasts
chondrocytes
Chondrocytes may occur in groups of 2-8 cells, called _____ groups. When the cells divide, they stay in the same lacunae
isogenous
Elastic cartilage has a ____ similar to hyaline cartilage. The distinction is that elastic cartilage matrix contains a network of ____ _____ that give a yellowish color to the cartilage.
perichondrium
elastic fibers
Elastic cartilage is located where flexible support is required, such as: 3 examples. Elastic cartilage is ____ prone to degeneration than hyaline
external ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis of larynx
less
fibrocartilage has no _____. It has alternating rows of fibroblast derived chondrocytes and thick bundles of type _ collagen. Chrondrocytes align along lines of ____
perichondrium
1
stress
Fibrocartilage is found where support and tensile strength is needed, such as: 5 examples
IV disks, articular disks, pubic symphisis, tendon/ligament insertions, knee joint menisci
bone is a specialized connective tissue consisting of ____ extracellular matrix with _____ embedded in the matrix
calcified
osteocytes
bone is a ____ tissue.
dynamic
ie, undergoes shape changes, absorption, etc in response to biomechanical forces
Bone matrix consists of a inorganic (calcified) portion made of:
It consists primarily of _____ crystals
Ca, phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate, Mg, K, Na
hydroxyapatite
Bone matrix consists of an inorganic portion and an organic portion. The organic portion is made primarily of type _ collagen. The ground substance contains _____ sulfate and _____ sulfate
1
chondroitin
keratin
Primary bone is also known as ____ or ___ bone. It is the first bone formed in fetal development and ____ ____. It has a ____ mineral content than secondary bone
immature or woven
bone repair
lower
Secondary bone is also known as ___ or ____ bone. There are 2 types: 1. ____, which is the dense outer portion of the bone and 2. _____ which is the meshwork of trabeculae on the inside of the bone
mature or lamellar
compact bone
spongy bone
Compact bone is organized with _____ circumferential lamellae below the perisoteum and _____ circumferential lamellae adjacent to the ___ ______
outer
inner
marrow cavity
Between outer and inner circumferential lamelle, the bone is organized around ____ _____ systems and is called osteons. Osteons are connected to each other by _____ _____
haversian canal
volkmann’s canals
bone _____ is a layer of non-calcified CT that covers bone on external surfaces, except at synovial articulations
periosteum
The outer layer of periosteum is a _____, _____ collagenous layer. The inner layer is ____ and _____
fibrous, dense
cellular, osteogenic
____ fibers are type 1 collagen that attaches the periosteum to the bone. These distribute _____ ___ to bone
sharpey’s
blood vessels
Endosteum is a thin specialized CT that lines ____ _____. It acts a source of ______ cells and _____ for bone growth and repair
marrow cavities
osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts
Fine fibers between osteocytes are called ____
canaliculi
A ____ is the organization of osteocytes around a haversian canal
osteon
The ___ ____ is where bone remodeling is taking place
cement line
____ ____ are on the inner layer of periosteum and endosteal cells that line the marrow cavity. They can differentiate into _____
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
Osteoblasts secrete collagen, ground substance, and ____ (aka unmineralized bone). Osteoblasts are ____ in shape and are found as a single layer in regions where ____ is being formed
osteoid
polygonal/cuboidal
bone
Osteocytes can both ____ and _____ matrix. They reside in ____. They communicate with other osteocytes and osteoblasts via processes that extend through ____ and gap junctions with other cells.
synthesize, absorb
lacunae
canaliculi
_____ are multinucleated cells that are _____ and actively resorb bone
osteoclasts
phagocytic
Osteoclasts release ____ into extracellualar space. A ______ ______ is a depression in bone created by the osteoclast. Osteoclasts seals of an area, acidifies, and secretes ___ ____ to resorb bone
lysosomes
howships lacuna
acid hydrolase
a hallmark of osteoclasts is howships lacuna and a _____ border
ruffled
_____ is a decrease in bone mass associated with a normal ratio of mineral to matrix. It is due to decreased _____ _____, increased _____ _____, or both
osteoporosis
bone formation
bone absorption
Osteoporosis occurs primarily in old age because of diminished secretion of ___ ____. It can occur in immobile patients because of lack of ____ ____. It occurs in _______ women because of diminished estrogen secretion
growth hormone
physical stress
postemenopausal
_____ is due to calcium defeciency in adults. It is characterized by deficient _____ of newly formed bone and _____ of calcified bone.
osteomalacia
calcification
decalcification
osteomalacia may be severe during ____
pregnancy. Ca requires for fetus may cause calcium loss from mother
____ is osteomalacia in children. It is primarily due to lack of ______ _. It is usually accompanied by deformation of bone ____ in epiphyseal growth plates, causing the bone to grow more slowly and become deformed.
rickets
vitamin D
Spicules
____ disease is a bone remodeling disease that causes abnormally large but brittle bones.
Pagets
