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Histology Exam 2 - Brendan > Osteochrondrogensis/Joint components > Flashcards

Osteochrondrogensis/Joint components Flashcards

1
Q

Bone histogenesis occurs by _____ and ______ bone formation. Both processes produce bone that appears histologically identical

A

intramembranous

endochondral

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2
Q

Bone remodeling is a slower process in _____ bone when compared to _____ bone

A

secondary

primary

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3
Q

___ is a buffer for calcium. Calcium concentration is determined by the rate at which Ca ___ and ____ this structure

A

bone

enters, leaves

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4
Q

Older osteons have a _____ mineral concentration and _____ water concentration and are constantly being replaced

A

high

low

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5
Q

_____ form an erosion tunnel, and after about 2 weeks they undergo ____. Osteoblasts then start formation of new ____

A

osteoclasts
apoptosis
osteon

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6
Q

Remodeling occurs inside _____ ____ and at ___ _____

A

compact bone

bone surfaces

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7
Q

When new bone is laid down on an eroded surface, a thin layer of ____ _____ is first produced. This layer is highly _____ and contains little collagen

A

cementing subtance

mineralized

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8
Q

about ____ percent of bone turns over each year in adults

A

10

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9
Q

____ bone formation is the process for flat bone formation (skull, mandible, clavicle, pelvis). This kind of formation occurs mainly before birth, and only in certain fractures after birth

A

intramembranous

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10
Q

Intramembranous bone formation is controlled by patterning signalling from polypeptides of ___, ____, and ____

A

Wnt, hedgehog, FGF

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11
Q

intramembranous bone formation:
____ cells condense into primary ossification centers and begin secreting _____ collagen. This collagen has randomly oriented fibrils and the first bone formed from this is called ____ bone

A

mesenchymal
osteoid
woven

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12
Q

Intramembranous bone formation:
With ____, osteoblasts become trapped in matrix and become osteocytes. Small spicules of developing bone unite to form ____

A

calcification

trabeculae

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13
Q

Intramembranous bone formation:
Fusion of bony trabeculae produces a ____ bone. Blood vessels invade and other undifferentiated mesenchymal cells give rise to the ____ _____

A

spongy

bone marrow

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14
Q

Intramembranous bone formation:

Areas of mesenchymal cells that do not undergo ossification differentiate into ____ and _____

A

periosteum and endosteum

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15
Q

Intramembranous bone formation:
the woven bone initially formed from an irregular osteoid collagen matrix will convert to _____ bone in the outer layers. The inner layer remains as ____ bone

A

lamellar

spongy

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16
Q

____ bone formation is the process of long bone formation. ____ cartilage serves as a small model for the bone and bone development

A

endochondral

hyaline

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17
Q

The primary ossification center (PCO) develops at the midriff of the ____ of the cartilagenous model

A

diaphysis

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18
Q

PCO2:vascularization of perichondrium at the diaphysis transforms chondrogenic cells to ______ cells. These differentiate into ____. Perichondrium is now called the _____

A

osteoprogenitor
osteoblasts
periosteum

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19
Q

PCO3: osteoblasts produce the ______ bone collar on the surface of the C-model by _____ bone formation

A

subperiosteal

intramembranous

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20
Q

PCO4: Chondrocytes in the subperiosteal bone collar become ____ and secrete collagen _ and vascular endothelial growth factor

A

hypertrophic

10

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21
Q

PCO5: The cartilage matrix in the diaphysis begins to calcify after collagen x is secreted. This inhibits ____ diffusion and hypertorphied _____ die. The lacunae become confluent and form the primitive ____ ____ ____

A

nutrient
chondrocytes
bone marrow cavity

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22
Q

PCO6: Osteoclasts create perforations in the bone collar, permitting ____ ____ (blood vessels, osteoprogenitor cells, and mesenchymal cells) to enter the primitive marrow cavity. The cartilage in the walls of these spaces then becomes _____

A

periosteal buds

calcified

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23
Q

PCO7: _____ made and calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage forms a calcified cartilage-calcified bone complex. The calcified cartilage stains ____ while calcified bone stains ______

A

osteoid (bone matrix)
basophilic
acidophilic

24
Q

PCO8: Subperiosteal bone collar ___ and ____ toward the epiphyses. Osteoclasts begin to resorb the calcified cartilage-calcifed bone complex, enlarging the ____ ____ ____

A

thickens, elongates

primitive marrow cavity

25
Q

Secondary centers of ossification (SCO) develop at ____ after the _____ ossification center is well established

A

epiphyses,

diaphyseal

26
Q

SCO begins when ______ cells invade the epiphyses and differentiate into _____.

A

osteoprogenitor

osteoblasts

27
Q

SCO2: ______ make bone matrix and replace disintegrating cartilage. When the epiphyses are filled with bone tissue, cartilage is found in 2 areas: ____ and ____

A

osteoblasts

articular surfaces, epiphyseal growth plates

28
Q

SCO3. ____ cartilage does not contribute to bone formation.

A

articular

29
Q

SCO4: Epiphyseal plates continue to grow. They add new cartilage to the _____ end while being replaced at the _____ end

A

epiphyseal

diaphyseal

30
Q

SCO5: Growth plate fusion occurs when diaphyseal and epiphyseal bone become ____. This occurs around ____ years of age

A

continous

20

31
Q

What are the 5 epiphyseal plate zones?

A 
Zone of reserve
Zone of proliferation
Zone of cell hypertrophy and maturation
Zone of calcification
Zone of ossification
32
Q

In the zone of _____, there are small randomly arranged inactive chondrocytes

A

reserve

33
Q

In the zone of _____, there is a region of rapid mitotic division which gives rise to rows of isogenous cell groups.

A

proliferation (interstitial growth)

34
Q

In the zone of _____, the chondrocytes become enlarged

A

hypertrophy and maturation

35
Q

In the zone of ____, remnants of cartilage matrices become calcified and chondrocytes ____

A

calcification

die

36
Q

In the zone of _____, bone is made upon the calcified cartilage, followed by the resorbtion of calcified bone-calcified cartilage complex

A

ossification (resorbtion)

37
Q

In the calcified cartilage zone, ____ ____ penetrate epiphyseal cartilage and erode away the calcified cartilage

A

periosteal buds

38
Q

The epiphysis enlarges by ____ growth and ____ replacement

A

cartilage

bone

39
Q

Hypertophic zone chondrocytes secrete type _ collagen

A

10

40
Q

The first step of bone repair of a fracture (BROF) is proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells from the ____ and _____ surrounding the fracture

A

periosteum

endosteum

41
Q

<p>BROF2: \_\_\_\_ tissue surrounds the fracture and penetrates between the ends of damaged bone</p>

A

<p>a cellular</p>

42
Q

BROF3: A ____ forms both internally and externally at the fracture site.

A

callus

43
Q

BROF4: ____ connective tissue and ____ cartilage are formed in the fracture zone

A

fibrous

hyaline

44
Q

BROF5: _____ bone formation replaces the cartilage with primary bone. The irregullarly arranged trabecuale of primary bone joins the ends of the fractured bone, forming a ____ ____

A

endochondral

bony callus

45
Q

BROF6: The ____ bone is resorped and replaced with _____ bone as the fracture heals

A

primary (woven)

secondary (lamellar)

46
Q

Hairline fractures heal via _____ bone formation that occurs at the _____ surface and thus heal _____

A

intramembranous
periosteal
slowly

47
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

diarthroses
amphiarthroses
synarthroses

48
Q

____ are also called synovial joints. These permit _____ movement and unite ____ bones. They are surrounded by a _-layer capsule which encloses and seals the articular cavity, containing synovial fluid.

A

diarthroses
maximum
long
2

49
Q

____ are immovable joints composed of connective tissue, cartilage, or bone. These are located at the ____ and _____

A

synarthroses
junction between first rib and sternum
sutures in skull bone

50
Q

_____ allow slight movement and are located at _____ _____

A

amphiarthroses

IV disks

51
Q

The external capsular layer of a diarthroses consists of a _____ layer of ____ connective tissue

A

fibrous

dense

52
Q

The internal (synovial) capsular layer of a diarthroses is also called the _____ membrane. It is lined by squamous to cuboidal cells on the internal surface but contains no ____ _____

A

synovial

basal lamina

53
Q

2 cell types are found in synovial membranes. Type ___ cells resemble fibroblasts and have a well developed rER. These secrete ____ fluid. Type _ cells are phagoytic and have a well developed golgi along with many ____

A

B
synovial
A
lysosomes.

54
Q

<p>\_\_\_\_\_ is a hereditary disease characterized by abnormal osteoclast formation. Bones are brittle and easily break. Most bone is \_\_\_\_\_ and not \_\_\_\_ due to lack of remodeling. \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ is not developed</p>

A

<p>osteopetrosis woven, lamellar marrow cavity</p>

55
Q

____ _____ disease is also known as marble bone disease. It is a type of ______. It is due to a deficiency in ____ ______ 2, so osteoclasts can’t accumulate H+ in howships lacuna to activate lysosomes.

A

Albers-schonberg
osteopetrosis
carbonic anhydrase

56
Q

_____ _____ starts as an inflammatory reaction in synovial tissue. Pathogenesis involves activation of _____ ___ cells, which produce Interleukin 5 which stimulates synovial _____ to produce proinflammatory ____ and malloproteases

A

rheumatoid arthritis
CD4 T
macrophages
cytokines

Histology Exam 2 - Brendan (6 decks)

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