Osteochrondrogensis/Joint components Flashcards
Bone histogenesis occurs by _____ and ______ bone formation. Both processes produce bone that appears histologically identical
intramembranous
endochondral
Bone remodeling is a slower process in _____ bone when compared to _____ bone
secondary
primary
___ is a buffer for calcium. Calcium concentration is determined by the rate at which Ca ___ and ____ this structure
bone
enters, leaves
Older osteons have a _____ mineral concentration and _____ water concentration and are constantly being replaced
high
low
_____ form an erosion tunnel, and after about 2 weeks they undergo ____. Osteoblasts then start formation of new ____
osteoclasts
apoptosis
osteon
Remodeling occurs inside _____ ____ and at ___ _____
compact bone
bone surfaces
When new bone is laid down on an eroded surface, a thin layer of ____ _____ is first produced. This layer is highly _____ and contains little collagen
cementing subtance
mineralized
about ____ percent of bone turns over each year in adults
10
____ bone formation is the process for flat bone formation (skull, mandible, clavicle, pelvis). This kind of formation occurs mainly before birth, and only in certain fractures after birth
intramembranous
Intramembranous bone formation is controlled by patterning signalling from polypeptides of ___, ____, and ____
Wnt, hedgehog, FGF
intramembranous bone formation:
____ cells condense into primary ossification centers and begin secreting _____ collagen. This collagen has randomly oriented fibrils and the first bone formed from this is called ____ bone
mesenchymal
osteoid
woven
Intramembranous bone formation:
With ____, osteoblasts become trapped in matrix and become osteocytes. Small spicules of developing bone unite to form ____
calcification
trabeculae
Intramembranous bone formation:
Fusion of bony trabeculae produces a ____ bone. Blood vessels invade and other undifferentiated mesenchymal cells give rise to the ____ _____
spongy
bone marrow
Intramembranous bone formation:
Areas of mesenchymal cells that do not undergo ossification differentiate into ____ and _____
periosteum and endosteum
Intramembranous bone formation:
the woven bone initially formed from an irregular osteoid collagen matrix will convert to _____ bone in the outer layers. The inner layer remains as ____ bone
lamellar
spongy
____ bone formation is the process of long bone formation. ____ cartilage serves as a small model for the bone and bone development
endochondral
hyaline
The primary ossification center (PCO) develops at the midriff of the ____ of the cartilagenous model
diaphysis
PCO2:vascularization of perichondrium at the diaphysis transforms chondrogenic cells to ______ cells. These differentiate into ____. Perichondrium is now called the _____
osteoprogenitor
osteoblasts
periosteum
PCO3: osteoblasts produce the ______ bone collar on the surface of the C-model by _____ bone formation
subperiosteal
intramembranous
PCO4: Chondrocytes in the subperiosteal bone collar become ____ and secrete collagen _ and vascular endothelial growth factor
hypertrophic
10
PCO5: The cartilage matrix in the diaphysis begins to calcify after collagen x is secreted. This inhibits ____ diffusion and hypertorphied _____ die. The lacunae become confluent and form the primitive ____ ____ ____
nutrient
chondrocytes
bone marrow cavity
PCO6: Osteoclasts create perforations in the bone collar, permitting ____ ____ (blood vessels, osteoprogenitor cells, and mesenchymal cells) to enter the primitive marrow cavity. The cartilage in the walls of these spaces then becomes _____
periosteal buds
calcified
PCO7: _____ made and calcified on the surface of calcified cartilage forms a calcified cartilage-calcified bone complex. The calcified cartilage stains ____ while calcified bone stains ______
osteoid (bone matrix)
basophilic
acidophilic
PCO8: Subperiosteal bone collar ___ and ____ toward the epiphyses. Osteoclasts begin to resorb the calcified cartilage-calcifed bone complex, enlarging the ____ ____ ____
thickens, elongates
primitive marrow cavity
Secondary centers of ossification (SCO) develop at ____ after the _____ ossification center is well established
epiphyses,
diaphyseal
SCO begins when ______ cells invade the epiphyses and differentiate into _____.
osteoprogenitor
osteoblasts
SCO2: ______ make bone matrix and replace disintegrating cartilage. When the epiphyses are filled with bone tissue, cartilage is found in 2 areas: ____ and ____
osteoblasts
articular surfaces, epiphyseal growth plates
SCO3. ____ cartilage does not contribute to bone formation.
articular
SCO4: Epiphyseal plates continue to grow. They add new cartilage to the _____ end while being replaced at the _____ end
epiphyseal
diaphyseal
SCO5: Growth plate fusion occurs when diaphyseal and epiphyseal bone become ____. This occurs around ____ years of age
continous
20
What are the 5 epiphyseal plate zones?
Zone of reserve Zone of proliferation Zone of cell hypertrophy and maturation Zone of calcification Zone of ossification
In the zone of _____, there are small randomly arranged inactive chondrocytes
reserve
In the zone of _____, there is a region of rapid mitotic division which gives rise to rows of isogenous cell groups.
proliferation (interstitial growth)
In the zone of _____, the chondrocytes become enlarged
hypertrophy and maturation
In the zone of ____, remnants of cartilage matrices become calcified and chondrocytes ____
calcification
die
In the zone of _____, bone is made upon the calcified cartilage, followed by the resorbtion of calcified bone-calcified cartilage complex
ossification (resorbtion)
In the calcified cartilage zone, ____ ____ penetrate epiphyseal cartilage and erode away the calcified cartilage
periosteal buds
The epiphysis enlarges by ____ growth and ____ replacement
cartilage
bone
Hypertophic zone chondrocytes secrete type _ collagen
10
The first step of bone repair of a fracture (BROF) is proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells from the ____ and _____ surrounding the fracture
periosteum
endosteum
<p>BROF2: \_\_\_\_ tissue surrounds the fracture and penetrates between the ends of damaged bone</p>
<p>a cellular</p>
BROF3: A ____ forms both internally and externally at the fracture site.
callus
BROF4: ____ connective tissue and ____ cartilage are formed in the fracture zone
fibrous
hyaline
BROF5: _____ bone formation replaces the cartilage with primary bone. The irregullarly arranged trabecuale of primary bone joins the ends of the fractured bone, forming a ____ ____
endochondral
bony callus
BROF6: The ____ bone is resorped and replaced with _____ bone as the fracture heals
primary (woven)
secondary (lamellar)
Hairline fractures heal via _____ bone formation that occurs at the _____ surface and thus heal _____
intramembranous
periosteal
slowly
What are the three types of joints?
diarthroses
amphiarthroses
synarthroses
____ are also called synovial joints. These permit _____ movement and unite ____ bones. They are surrounded by a _-layer capsule which encloses and seals the articular cavity, containing synovial fluid.
diarthroses
maximum
long
2
____ are immovable joints composed of connective tissue, cartilage, or bone. These are located at the ____ and _____
synarthroses
junction between first rib and sternum
sutures in skull bone
_____ allow slight movement and are located at _____ _____
amphiarthroses
IV disks
The external capsular layer of a diarthroses consists of a _____ layer of ____ connective tissue
fibrous
dense
The internal (synovial) capsular layer of a diarthroses is also called the _____ membrane. It is lined by squamous to cuboidal cells on the internal surface but contains no ____ _____
synovial
basal lamina
2 cell types are found in synovial membranes. Type ___ cells resemble fibroblasts and have a well developed rER. These secrete ____ fluid. Type _ cells are phagoytic and have a well developed golgi along with many ____
B
synovial
A
lysosomes.
<p>\_\_\_\_\_ is a hereditary disease characterized by abnormal osteoclast formation. Bones are brittle and easily break. Most bone is \_\_\_\_\_ and not \_\_\_\_ due to lack of remodeling. \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ is not developed</p>
<p>osteopetrosis woven, lamellar marrow cavity</p>
____ _____ disease is also known as marble bone disease. It is a type of ______. It is due to a deficiency in ____ ______ 2, so osteoclasts can’t accumulate H+ in howships lacuna to activate lysosomes.
Albers-schonberg
osteopetrosis
carbonic anhydrase
_____ _____ starts as an inflammatory reaction in synovial tissue. Pathogenesis involves activation of _____ ___ cells, which produce Interleukin 5 which stimulates synovial _____ to produce proinflammatory ____ and malloproteases
rheumatoid arthritis
CD4 T
macrophages
cytokines
