Respiratory System

Question 1

pharynx

Answer 1

the passageway just behind the mouth that connects the mouth and nasal cavity to the larynx and esphagus

Question 2

trachea

Answer 2

the tube that carries air from the nasal passages or mouth to bronchi and then to the lungs; also known as the windpipe

Question 3

glottis

Answer 3

the opening of the trachea through which air enters the larynx

Question 4

larynx

Answer 4

the structure between the glottis and the trachea that contains the vocal cords

Question 5

bronchus

Answer 5

the passageway that branches from the trachea to the lungs

Question 6

alveolus

Answer 6

a tiny sac, with a wall that is one cell thick, found at the end of a bronchiole; respiratory gases are exchanged in this sac

Question 7

hemoglobin

Answer 7

an iron-containing protein found in red blood cells, which binds to and transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

Question 8

every respiratory system shares two characteristics

Answer 8

must be big enough for the exchange of gas to occur at a rate that meets the needs of the organism
must take place in a moist environment so the oxygen and carbon dioxide are dissolved

Question 9

4 kinds of specialized respiratory systems

Answer 9

skin, gills, tracheal, and lungs

Question 10

skin respiration

Answer 10

ex. earth worms, leeches
skin is lined with many tiny capillary vessels that make contact with the skin surface all over the body
gases diffuse in or out of circulatory system
oxygen is carried through circulatory system

Question 11

counter-current exchange

Answer 11

water flows in one direction (from front of the fish toward the back, across gills), while the blood is circulating in the opposite direction (back to front)
as much as 80% of the oxygen is taken up into blood, compared to about 50% in lungs

Question 12

3 basic elements of lungs

Answer 12

moist respiratory surface
means of forcibly bringing air in contact with the lung surface
circulatory system to carry the gases between the lungs and the cells of the body

Question 13

tidal volume

Answer 13

the volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breathing movement

Question 14

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 14

the additional volume of air that can be taken in, beyond a regular or tidal inhalation

Question 15

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 15

the additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs, beyond a regular or tidal exhalation

Question 16

vital capacity

Answer 16

the total volume of gas that can be moved in or out of the lungs

Question 17

residual volume

Answer 17

the amount of gas that remains in the lungs and the passageways of the respiratory system after a full exhalation

Question 18

three factors that control breathing rate

Answer 18

carbon dioxide level, oxygen level, volume of air breathed

Question 19

tonsilitis

Answer 19

caused by virus/bacteria
red and swollen tonsils, sore throat, fever, swollen neck glands
surgical removal

Question 20

laryngitis

Answer 20

caused by infection/allergy, overstraining the voice

losing voice, speaking in a hoarse whisper, clears up on its own over a few days

Question 21

pneumonia

Answer 21

caused by virus/bacteria
lungs become inflamed and fill with fluids, interferes w/ gas exchange, body becomes starved for oxygen
anti-viral medication, vaccine

Question 22

bronchitis

Answer 22

caused by bacteria, regular exposure to concentrations of dust or chemical compounds or cigarette smoke
bronchi become red, inflamed and filled with mucus, which the person expels by coughing
antibiotics

Question 23

asthma

Answer 23

caused by inhaled irritants such as pollen, dust, and smoke triggering inflammation of bronchi or bronchioles
wheezing, coughing, tightness in the chest, blocked/reduced airflow
INCURABLE - inhalers with medication that relax the bronchiole muscles, reduce inflammation and open the airways

Question 24

emphysema

Answer 24

caused by smoking
exhalation becomes difficult b/c airways collapse during exhalation, trap air in lungs and block airflow
INCURABLE - inhaler to open bronchioles and low-flow oxygen tank to boost supply of oxygen to the body, stop smoking, avoid airborne irritants (dust, smoke)

Question 25

cystic fibrosis

Answer 25

caused by a mutation of a single gene
lung infections, difficulty breathing because mucous clogs the lungs
INCURABLE - medicines that thin the mucus, antibiotics that reduce bacterial infections, gene therapy

Question 26

carcinoma

Answer 26

caused by smoking tobacco, asbestos, radon, second-hand smoke
persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, loss of appetite
radiation, chemotherapy, surgery