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Biology 11 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

4 types of macromolecules

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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2
Q

types of carbs

A

simple sugars (mono and disaccharides) and polysaccharides

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3
Q

if a word ends in ose…

A

it is a sugar

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4
Q

if a word ends in ase…

A

it is an enzyme

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5
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch (stores energy in plants), cellulose (strength in plants), glycogen (stores energy in animals)

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6
Q

proteins are made up of __________ and joined together by __________. chains are called __________

A

amino acids, peptide bonds, polypeptides

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7
Q

different functions of protein

A

structural (muscle, membrane), enzymes (catalysts, speed up chemical reactions), antibodies (fight off disease)

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8
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

enzymes help break down macromolecules down into simpler parts

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9
Q

examples of enzymes

A

carbohydrase (breaks down carbs into simple sugars, ex. amylase), lipase (breaks lipids down into glycerol and fatty acids, ex. pancreatic lipase), protease (breaks down proteins into amino acids, ex. pepsin)

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10
Q

mineral and vitamins

A

can be organic or inorganic
help chemical reactions
aid in tissue growth
aid in immunity

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11
Q

functions of water

A

transporting dissolved nutrients into the cells that line the small intestine
flushing toxins from cells
lubricating tissues and joints
forming essential body fluids like blood and mucus
regulating body temperature (sweat)
eliminating waste materials (urine and sweat)

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12
Q

filter feeder

A

take in large amount of surrounding water and filter small organisms to digest
ex. clams, baleen whale, tube sponge

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13
Q

substrate feeder

A

live in or on their food and eat through it

ex. earthworms

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14
Q

fluid feeder

A

suck or lick nutrient rich fluids from live plants or animals
ex. mosquitoes, vampire bats

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15
Q

bulk feeder

A

ingest large pieces of food and swallow whole or chew

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16
Q

four stages of processing

A

ingestion: taking in or eating food
digestion: chemical and mechanical breakdown into molecules small enough for body to absorb
absorption: transport of digested molecules from the digestive system into the circulatory system, to be distributed to the rest of the body
elimination: removal of undigested solid waste from the body

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17
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

a general name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines

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18
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

a form of IBD that can affect any part of the alimentary canal from the mouth to the anus

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19
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

a form of IBD that attacks the colon

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20
Q

peptic ulcer

A

a sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenem, where hydrochloric acid and pepsin are present. ulcers form when the tissues become inflamed because the protective mucus that covers the lining has weakened. most commonly caused by the helicobacter pylori)

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21
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver, most commonly caused by a virus

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22
Q

cirrhosis

A

the irreversible placement of healthy liver tissue with non-functioning scar tissue; most commonly caused by alcohol intake or hepatitis

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23
Q

diabetes

A

a condition in which the body is unable to use glucose for energy

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24
Q

nucleic acids

A

contain the chemical code for growth and development of an organism. made up of nucleic acids, sugar, and phosphate

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25
two types of nucleic acid
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
26
polysaccaride diagrams
starch - chains and branches cellulose - chains connected together glycogen - chains with branches on branches
27
lipid diagram
glycerol backbone with three fatty acids attached
28
teeth
incisors (bite and chew) canines (tear and shred) premolars/molars (grind and chew)
29
different kinds of teeth (diet)
carnivores: sharp for tearing herbivore: heavy flat teeth for grinding omnivore: combo of biting+grinding
30
what are teeth for
mechanical digestion
31
3 salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, submaxillary
32
saliva function
contain enzymes to break down carbs (amylase) softens and moistens food chemical breakdown
33
tongue function
positions food on molars to chew helps mix food with saliva rolls food into bolus (food+saliva mixture) and moves it to back of mouth
34
hard/soft palate function
separates mouth from nasal chamber
35
uvula function
moves to block nasal passage when you swallow
36
pharynx function
tube for food and air
37
epiglottis
closes off trachea when swallowing
38
esophagus structure
muscular collapsible tube about 25 cm long. contains longitudinal & circular muscles (alternating waves). connects pharynx to stomach
39
esophagus function
produces mucin to help food move lower 2/3 involuntary muscle movement peristalsis: wave-like muscular contractions
40
alimentary canal
the tube which food is processed
41
stomach structure
muscular bag 4 layers 2 sphincters
42
4 layers of the stomach
longitudinal muscle circular muscle oblique muscle inner layer- folded into long ridges (rugae) which contain gastric pits containing glands that secrete gastric juice
43
small intestine structure
``` 2.5 cm wide and 7m long arranged in loops mesentery: thin, membranous sheets that attach loops that keep from tangling 3 parts 4 layers ```
44
small intestine function
enzymes produced by pancreas, liver and small intestine act here (90% absorption)
45
stomach function
churning breaks down food into smaller pieces and mixes with gastric juice contract rhythmically to mix food contains enzymes for chemical breakdown controls flow of chyme (semi-liquid and partially digested food)
46
3 parts of small intestine and function
duodenem- shortest and widest, chemical breakdown here jejunum- more protein and carb breakdown ileum- most absorption occurs here
47
4 layers of small intestine and function
mesentary- nerves, arteries, veins, and lymph for transport longitudinal muscle and circular muscle - muscle contractions move material by peristalsis mucosa- has many folds with finger like projections (villi and microvilli) that increase surface area of mucosa and allow for more absorption. accept and carry lipid particles that are absorbed from the intestine. villi also contain lacteal (lymph vessels)
48
large intestine structure
ileocecal valve- sphincter that controls material between the small intestine and large intestine cecum- pouch from which appendix hangs 3 sections: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon rectum- last segment anus-complex set of sphincter muscles
49
large intestine function
``` complete absorption of food form certain vitamins recover water form and expel feces contains bacteria which feed on food residues and produce certain vitamins (including K) ```
50
appendix
blind tube 6-8cm long | no function in humans
51
rectum function
stores undigested material until it can be eliminated feces consists of 60% solid material and 40% water indigestible fibre in diet helps retain water in feces and aid in egestion
52
anus function
expels waste | stretching of walls of rectum by feces signals ready for egestion
53
ulcer symptoms and treatments
abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, loss of appetite | antibiotics that kill bacteria, medications that reduce anxiety in the stomach, lifestyle changes
54
IBD treatment
special diet, medication to reduce pain and inflammation, remove affected part of colon and create new external opening for digestive waste (severe)
55
gall stones treatment
medication, ultrasound shock waves, losing weight, increasing intake of omega-3 fatty acids, decreasing meal size, surgically remove
56
hepatitis a b and c
a- drinking contaminated water b- sexual contact c- coming in contact with infected blood
57
Carb function
Short and long term energy storage
58
Pancreas
fluid contains numerous enzymes that chemically digest carbs, lipids, proteins contains bicarbonate to alter chyme from acidic to basic
59
liver
secretes bile - helps digest fat
60
gall bladder
stores bile between meals bile salts break up fat droplets into smaller droplets increasing surface area and makes it easier for intestinal cells to absorb the fats

Biology 11 (7 decks)

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