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Biology 11 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

4 types of macromolecules

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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2
Q

types of carbs

A

simple sugars (mono and disaccharides) and polysaccharides

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3
Q

if a word ends in ose…

A

it is a sugar

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4
Q

if a word ends in ase…

A

it is an enzyme

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5
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch (stores energy in plants), cellulose (strength in plants), glycogen (stores energy in animals)

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6
Q

proteins are made up of __________ and joined together by __________. chains are called __________

A

amino acids, peptide bonds, polypeptides

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7
Q

different functions of protein

A

structural (muscle, membrane), enzymes (catalysts, speed up chemical reactions), antibodies (fight off disease)

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8
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

enzymes help break down macromolecules down into simpler parts

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9
Q

examples of enzymes

A

carbohydrase (breaks down carbs into simple sugars, ex. amylase), lipase (breaks lipids down into glycerol and fatty acids, ex. pancreatic lipase), protease (breaks down proteins into amino acids, ex. pepsin)

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10
Q

mineral and vitamins

A

can be organic or inorganic
help chemical reactions
aid in tissue growth
aid in immunity

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11
Q

functions of water

A

transporting dissolved nutrients into the cells that line the small intestine
flushing toxins from cells
lubricating tissues and joints
forming essential body fluids like blood and mucus
regulating body temperature (sweat)
eliminating waste materials (urine and sweat)

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12
Q

filter feeder

A

take in large amount of surrounding water and filter small organisms to digest
ex. clams, baleen whale, tube sponge

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13
Q

substrate feeder

A

live in or on their food and eat through it

ex. earthworms

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14
Q

fluid feeder

A

suck or lick nutrient rich fluids from live plants or animals
ex. mosquitoes, vampire bats

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15
Q

bulk feeder

A

ingest large pieces of food and swallow whole or chew

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16
Q

four stages of processing

A

ingestion: taking in or eating food
digestion: chemical and mechanical breakdown into molecules small enough for body to absorb
absorption: transport of digested molecules from the digestive system into the circulatory system, to be distributed to the rest of the body
elimination: removal of undigested solid waste from the body

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17
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

a general name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation in the intestines

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18
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

a form of IBD that can affect any part of the alimentary canal from the mouth to the anus

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19
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

a form of IBD that attacks the colon

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20
Q

peptic ulcer

A

a sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenem, where hydrochloric acid and pepsin are present. ulcers form when the tissues become inflamed because the protective mucus that covers the lining has weakened. most commonly caused by the helicobacter pylori)

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21
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver, most commonly caused by a virus

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22
Q

cirrhosis

A

the irreversible placement of healthy liver tissue with non-functioning scar tissue; most commonly caused by alcohol intake or hepatitis

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23
Q

diabetes

A

a condition in which the body is unable to use glucose for energy

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24
Q

nucleic acids

A

contain the chemical code for growth and development of an organism. made up of nucleic acids, sugar, and phosphate

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25
Q

two types of nucleic acid

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)

26
Q

polysaccaride diagrams

A

starch - chains and branches
cellulose - chains connected together
glycogen - chains with branches on branches

27
Q

lipid diagram

A

glycerol backbone with three fatty acids attached

28
Q

teeth

A

incisors (bite and chew)
canines (tear and shred)
premolars/molars (grind and chew)

29
Q

different kinds of teeth (diet)

A

carnivores: sharp for tearing
herbivore: heavy flat teeth for grinding
omnivore: combo of biting+grinding

30
Q

what are teeth for

A

mechanical digestion

31
Q

3 salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual, submaxillary

32
Q

saliva function

A

contain enzymes to break down carbs (amylase)
softens and moistens food
chemical breakdown

33
Q

tongue function

A

positions food on molars to chew
helps mix food with saliva
rolls food into bolus (food+saliva mixture) and moves it to back of mouth

34
Q

hard/soft palate function

A

separates mouth from nasal chamber

35
Q

uvula function

A

moves to block nasal passage when you swallow

36
Q

pharynx function

A

tube for food and air

37
Q

epiglottis

A

closes off trachea when swallowing

38
Q

esophagus structure

A

muscular collapsible tube about 25 cm long. contains longitudinal & circular muscles (alternating waves). connects pharynx to stomach

39
Q

esophagus function

A

produces mucin to help food move
lower 2/3 involuntary muscle movement
peristalsis: wave-like muscular contractions

40
Q

alimentary canal

A

the tube which food is processed

41
Q

stomach structure

A

muscular bag
4 layers
2 sphincters

42
Q

4 layers of the stomach

A

longitudinal muscle
circular muscle
oblique muscle
inner layer- folded into long ridges (rugae) which contain gastric pits containing glands that secrete gastric juice

43
Q

small intestine structure

A 
2.5 cm wide and 7m long
arranged in loops
mesentery: thin, membranous sheets that attach loops that keep from tangling
3 parts
4 layers
44
Q

small intestine function

A

enzymes produced by pancreas, liver and small intestine act here (90% absorption)

45
Q

stomach function

A

churning breaks down food into smaller pieces and mixes with gastric juice
contract rhythmically to mix food
contains enzymes for chemical breakdown
controls flow of chyme (semi-liquid and partially digested food)

46
Q

3 parts of small intestine and function

A

duodenem- shortest and widest, chemical breakdown here
jejunum- more protein and carb breakdown
ileum- most absorption occurs here

47
Q

4 layers of small intestine and function

A

mesentary- nerves, arteries, veins, and lymph for transport
longitudinal muscle and circular muscle - muscle contractions move material by peristalsis
mucosa- has many folds with finger like projections (villi and microvilli) that increase surface area of mucosa and allow for more absorption. accept and carry lipid particles that are absorbed from the intestine. villi also contain lacteal (lymph vessels)

48
Q

large intestine structure

A

ileocecal valve- sphincter that controls material between the small intestine and large intestine
cecum- pouch from which appendix hangs
3 sections: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon
rectum- last segment
anus-complex set of sphincter muscles

49
Q

large intestine function

A 
complete absorption of food
form certain vitamins
recover water
form and expel feces
contains bacteria which feed on food residues and produce certain vitamins (including K)
50
Q

appendix

A

blind tube 6-8cm long

no function in humans

51
Q

rectum function

A

stores undigested material until it can be eliminated
feces consists of 60% solid material and 40% water
indigestible fibre in diet helps retain water in feces and aid in egestion

52
Q

anus function

A

expels waste

stretching of walls of rectum by feces signals ready for egestion

53
Q

ulcer symptoms and treatments

A

abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, loss of appetite

antibiotics that kill bacteria, medications that reduce anxiety in the stomach, lifestyle changes

54
Q

IBD treatment

A

special diet, medication to reduce pain and inflammation, remove affected part of colon and create new external opening for digestive waste (severe)

55
Q

gall stones treatment

A

medication, ultrasound shock waves, losing weight, increasing intake of omega-3 fatty acids, decreasing meal size, surgically remove

56
Q

hepatitis a b and c

A

a- drinking contaminated water
b- sexual contact
c- coming in contact with infected blood

57
Q

Carb function

A

Short and long term energy storage

58
Q

Pancreas

A

fluid contains numerous enzymes that chemically digest carbs, lipids, proteins
contains bicarbonate to alter chyme from acidic to basic

59
Q

liver

A

secretes bile - helps digest fat

60
Q

gall bladder

A

stores bile between meals
bile salts break up fat droplets into smaller droplets increasing surface area and makes it easier for intestinal cells to absorb the fats

Biology 11 (7 decks)

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