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Biology 11 > Diversity > Flashcards

Diversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

hierarchy

A 
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
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2
Q

species concepts

A

morphological (structural features), biological (ability to produce fertile offspring), phylogenetic (evolutionary history)

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3
Q

kingdoms

A

animalia, plantae, fungi, protista, archaebacteria, eubacteria

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4
Q

domains

A

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

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5
Q

animalia

A

motile, multicellular, eukaryotic consumers

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6
Q

plantae

A

sessile, multicellular, eukaryotic producers

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7
Q

fungi

A

sessile, multicellular, eukaryotic decomposers

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8
Q

protista

A

unicellular eukaryotes, producers or consumers

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9
Q

eubacteria

A

unicellular prokaryotes, can be producers, consumers, or decomposers

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10
Q

archaebacteria

A

unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions

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11
Q

viruses

A

small (10-400nm), not cells, genetic material (genome) surrounded by a protective protein coat, infectious, dependent on a host cell, intracellular parasites

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12
Q

how are viruses classified

A 
genetic material (DNA vs RNA)
capsid structure (helical, polyhedral, complex)
presence or absence of a membranous envelope
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13
Q

what are viruses made of

A

nucleic acid (genetic info)
protein (capsid- protective protein coat surrounding nucleic acid)
lipids (outer membranous layer made of lipids and protein surrounds capsid in some viruses)

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14
Q

lytic vs lysogenic

A

lysogenic- virus copied into DNA

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15
Q

how can viral diseased be prevented and treated

A

good hygiene, vaccines, anti-viral drugs

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16
Q

viroids

A

genetic material but no protein coat

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17
Q

prions

A

made of protein but have no nuclelic acid

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18
Q

autotroph bacteria can be

A

photosynthetic (obtaining energy from sunlight) or chemosynthetic (breaking down inorganic substances for energy)

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19
Q

heterotroph bacteria

A

derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds in the environment

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20
Q

aerobic vs anaerobic bacteria

A

aerobic require oxygen to live or anaerobic which means oxygen is deadly to them

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21
Q

types of archaebacteria

A

methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles

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22
Q

methanogens

A

anaerobes
make methane (natural gas) as a waste product
found in swamp sediments, sewage, and in buried landfills

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23
Q

halophiles

A

salt-loving

aerobes

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24
Q

thermophiles

A

hot springs and high temperature

anaerobes

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25
Q

cyanobacteria

A

modern photosynthesis, makes oxygen from water

plants inherited photosynthesis ability from cyanobacteria

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26
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

genetic material transfer by a sex pilus

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27
Q

shapes of bacteria

A 
spherical = coccus/cocci
rod-shaped = bacillus/bacilli
spiral = spirillum/spirilla
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28
Q

groups of bacteria

A

pairs (di- or diplo-)
cluster colonies (staphyl-)
chains (strepto-)

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29
Q

gram stain

A

purple thick protein layer = gram positive

pink thin protein layer =gram negative

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30
Q

amoebas

A

cell membrane surface without a cell wall

form pseudopods for feeding and movement

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31
Q

cilia

A

short, hair-like projections used for locomotion and sweeping food particles along the cell surface to move them into the cell
ex. paramecium

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32
Q

flagella

A

long, hair-like projection extending from the cell membrane that propels the cell using a whip-like motion

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33
Q

flagellates

A

have one or more flagella, a hard protective covering over their outer membrane
ex. trichonympha - live in termite intestine and produce enzymes that convert cellulose to sugars for termite. flagellates receive steady food supply and warm protected environment

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34
Q

sporozoans

A

parasites of animals, taking nutrients from hosts

ex. plasmodium

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35
Q

plasmodial slime moulds

A

tiny slug-like organisms that creep over damp, decaying plant material in forests and fields
contains many nuclei
feed like amoebas

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36
Q

cellular slime moulds

A

individual amoeboid cells with one nucleus each

feed by ingesting tiny bacteria

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37
Q

water moulds

A

filamentous organisms that resemble fungi
extend fungus-like threads into their host’s tissues where they release digestive enzymes and absorb the resulting nutrients

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38
Q

diatoms

A

have rigid cell walls with an outer layer of silica, common ingredient in sand and glass
box and lid shape
reproduce through mitosis asexually

39
Q

dinoflagellates

A

have two flagella at right angles to each other

40
Q

red tide

A

coastal phenomenon in which dinoflagellates that contain red pigments are so concentrated that the sea water has a distinct red colour

41
Q

euglenoids

A

have chloroplasts and conduct photosynthesis
have flagella and can absorb nutrients
autotrophs in sunlight, heterotrophs in the dark

42
Q

fungi cell wall

A

chitin

43
Q

fungi reproduce by

A

spores

44
Q

fungi are composed of filaments called

A

hyphae

45
Q

hyphae

A

network of thin thread-like structures that form the “body” of a fungus
contain cytoplasm
grow and branch until they cover and digest the food source

46
Q

mycelium

A

a mass of hyphae

47
Q

fruiting body

A

part of the fungus that is above ground; the reproductive structure that produces and releases spores

48
Q

types of fungi nutrition

A

parasitic, predatory, mutualistic, mycorrhiza, saprobial

49
Q

parasitic fungi nutrition

A

absorb nutrients from the living cells of a host organism

50
Q

predatory fungi nutrition

A

soil fungi with specialized structures in the mycelia for trapping prey

51
Q

mutualistic fungi nutrition

A

beneficial partnerships with other organisms like plants or protists

52
Q

mycorrhiza fungi nutrition

A

mycelium covers plant roots
increased surface area of plant’s root system improves water and mineral nutrient absorption from soil for the plant
fungus gets constant supply of sugar from plant

53
Q

saprobial fungi nutrition

A

absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter; important for recycling of nutrients in ecosystems

54
Q

5 main types of fungi

A

zygospore, club, sac, imperfect, chytrids

55
Q

zygospore fungi

A

reproduces by spores in the sporangia or zygospores

56
Q

sporangia

A

structures found on the tips of hyphae that make spores (asexually)

57
Q

zygospores

A

diploid structure that produces spores after sexual reproduction; only made in unfavourable conditions

58
Q

club fungi

A

club-shaped hyphae called basidia, which produces basidiospores

59
Q

sac fungi

A

produces spores in finger-like sacs called asci during sexual reproduction
ex. yeast

60
Q

imperfect fungi

A

diverse group that only reproduces asexually

ex.
harmful: ringworm, athletes foot
helpful: penicillin, cyclosporine, soy sauce, blue cheese

61
Q

chytrids fungi

A

unicellular, mostly aquatic with flagellated spores

62
Q

lichens

A

fungus and an organism with chlorophyll (usually green algae or cyanobacteria) that live together mutualistically
can live in harsh environments

63
Q

characteristics used to classify animals

A 
absence or presence of backbone
levels of organization
number of body layers
symmetry and body plans
body cavity
segmentation
movement
reproduction
64
Q

all animals have cells and are organized into _______

tissues are organized into _________ and _____________

A

tissues
organs
organ systems

65
Q

ectoderm

A

outer layer - produces skin, nerve tissue, and some sense organs

66
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer - produces muscle, blood, kidneys, and reproductive organs

67
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer - produces lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder, and stomach lining

68
Q

symmetry and body plans

A

radial symmetry - can be divided along any plane through a central axis
bilateral symmetry - can be divided into two mirror halves only along one plane through the central axis

69
Q

coelom

A

a fluid-filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems

70
Q

coelomates

A

animals with a coelom or body cavity

71
Q

acoelomates

A

animals without a coelom

72
Q

advantage of segmentation

A

single segment can be damaged but other segments function properly
increased mobility

73
Q

phylum porifera

A

sponges
asymmetrical body plan and no tissues
feed by trapping food particles in water as the water passes through the internal channels of their bodies

74
Q

phylum cnidaria

A

hydras, anemones, jellyfish, coral animals
have tissues, muscle and simple nervous system
swim and capture prey by using stinging tentacles around mouth opening
polyps like sea anemones are sessile
medusa like jellyfish are mobile

75
Q

worms

A 
body with a distinct head end
segmented worms (Phylum Annelida) are coelomates (earthworms)
flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes) are acoelomates and the least complex worms (tapeworms)
76
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

bilateral symmetry, three layers of cells, a coelum, and two body openings
all molluscs have a similar body plan with a membrane surrounding the internal organs - mantle

77
Q

3 major classes of molluscs

A

bivalves (clams, mussels, oysters, and scallops)
gastropods (snails)
cephalopods (octopus, squid)

78
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

Echinoderms
sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars
marine animals with radial symmetry, spiny endoskeletons (internal skeleton with calcium carbonate plates) and tube feet (like suction cups)

79
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

spiders, scorpions, crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimps) and insects
arthropod means jointed foot
have a segmented body and hard exoskeleton

80
Q

phylum chordata

A

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

notocord and dorsal nerve cord

81
Q

notocord

A

flexible, rod-shaped structure found in chordate animals,; during vertebrate development it is replaced by the spine

82
Q

dorsal nerve cord

A

during development, nerve cord becomes brain and spinal cord

83
Q

half of all living vertebrates are

A

fish

84
Q

oldest living vertebrates (class agnathans)

A

lampreys

85
Q

sharks and rays (class chondrichthyes)

A

skeletons made of cartilage

86
Q

bony fish (class osteichthyes)

A

most common fish such as guppies, tuna, salmon, skeleton made of bone

87
Q

amphibians

A 
frogs, toads, salamanders
most have an aquatic larval stage with gills
adults are tetrapods
breathe through lungs and/or skin
most species use external fertilization
88
Q

tetrapod

A

having four limbs adapted for moving on land

89
Q

reptiles

A

lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians
most are terrestrial tetrapods with dry scaly skin
breathe with lungs
amniotic eggs

90
Q

amniotic egg

A

internal fertilization, several layers of membranes develope around egg prior to secretion of the shell

91
Q

birds

A

tetrapods with forelimbs modified as wings
most can fly and have feahters
warm-blooded
internal fertilization - lay hard-shelled amniotic eggs
have large brains and acute vision

92
Q

mammals

A

mammary glands of females produce and secrete milk to nourish developing you
warm-blooded
heart with 4 chambers
tetrapods
have hair
large brains, acute vision and sense of smell
internal fertilization

93
Q

three groups of mammals

A

monotremes - egg laying mammals (duck-billed platypus(
marsupials - pouched mammals, short gestation period (koala bears and kangaroos)
placental mammals - have a placenta (humans, primates, bears, bats, whales)

Biology 11 (7 decks)

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