Diversity Flashcards
hierarchy
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
species concepts
morphological (structural features), biological (ability to produce fertile offspring), phylogenetic (evolutionary history)
kingdoms
animalia, plantae, fungi, protista, archaebacteria, eubacteria
domains
archaea, bacteria, eukarya
animalia
motile, multicellular, eukaryotic consumers
plantae
sessile, multicellular, eukaryotic producers
fungi
sessile, multicellular, eukaryotic decomposers
protista
unicellular eukaryotes, producers or consumers
eubacteria
unicellular prokaryotes, can be producers, consumers, or decomposers
archaebacteria
unicellular prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions
viruses
small (10-400nm), not cells, genetic material (genome) surrounded by a protective protein coat, infectious, dependent on a host cell, intracellular parasites
how are viruses classified
genetic material (DNA vs RNA) capsid structure (helical, polyhedral, complex) presence or absence of a membranous envelope
what are viruses made of
nucleic acid (genetic info)
protein (capsid- protective protein coat surrounding nucleic acid)
lipids (outer membranous layer made of lipids and protein surrounds capsid in some viruses)
lytic vs lysogenic
lysogenic- virus copied into DNA
how can viral diseased be prevented and treated
good hygiene, vaccines, anti-viral drugs
viroids
genetic material but no protein coat
prions
made of protein but have no nuclelic acid
autotroph bacteria can be
photosynthetic (obtaining energy from sunlight) or chemosynthetic (breaking down inorganic substances for energy)
heterotroph bacteria
derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds in the environment
aerobic vs anaerobic bacteria
aerobic require oxygen to live or anaerobic which means oxygen is deadly to them
types of archaebacteria
methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles
methanogens
anaerobes
make methane (natural gas) as a waste product
found in swamp sediments, sewage, and in buried landfills
halophiles
salt-loving
aerobes
thermophiles
hot springs and high temperature
anaerobes
cyanobacteria
modern photosynthesis, makes oxygen from water
plants inherited photosynthesis ability from cyanobacteria
bacterial conjugation
genetic material transfer by a sex pilus
shapes of bacteria
spherical = coccus/cocci rod-shaped = bacillus/bacilli spiral = spirillum/spirilla
groups of bacteria
pairs (di- or diplo-)
cluster colonies (staphyl-)
chains (strepto-)
gram stain
purple thick protein layer = gram positive
pink thin protein layer =gram negative
amoebas
cell membrane surface without a cell wall
form pseudopods for feeding and movement
cilia
short, hair-like projections used for locomotion and sweeping food particles along the cell surface to move them into the cell
ex. paramecium
flagella
long, hair-like projection extending from the cell membrane that propels the cell using a whip-like motion
flagellates
have one or more flagella, a hard protective covering over their outer membrane
ex. trichonympha - live in termite intestine and produce enzymes that convert cellulose to sugars for termite. flagellates receive steady food supply and warm protected environment
sporozoans
parasites of animals, taking nutrients from hosts
ex. plasmodium
plasmodial slime moulds
tiny slug-like organisms that creep over damp, decaying plant material in forests and fields
contains many nuclei
feed like amoebas
cellular slime moulds
individual amoeboid cells with one nucleus each
feed by ingesting tiny bacteria
water moulds
filamentous organisms that resemble fungi
extend fungus-like threads into their host’s tissues where they release digestive enzymes and absorb the resulting nutrients
diatoms
have rigid cell walls with an outer layer of silica, common ingredient in sand and glass
box and lid shape
reproduce through mitosis asexually
dinoflagellates
have two flagella at right angles to each other
red tide
coastal phenomenon in which dinoflagellates that contain red pigments are so concentrated that the sea water has a distinct red colour
euglenoids
have chloroplasts and conduct photosynthesis
have flagella and can absorb nutrients
autotrophs in sunlight, heterotrophs in the dark
fungi cell wall
chitin
fungi reproduce by
spores
fungi are composed of filaments called
hyphae
hyphae
network of thin thread-like structures that form the “body” of a fungus
contain cytoplasm
grow and branch until they cover and digest the food source
mycelium
a mass of hyphae
fruiting body
part of the fungus that is above ground; the reproductive structure that produces and releases spores
types of fungi nutrition
parasitic, predatory, mutualistic, mycorrhiza, saprobial
parasitic fungi nutrition
absorb nutrients from the living cells of a host organism
predatory fungi nutrition
soil fungi with specialized structures in the mycelia for trapping prey
mutualistic fungi nutrition
beneficial partnerships with other organisms like plants or protists
mycorrhiza fungi nutrition
mycelium covers plant roots
increased surface area of plant’s root system improves water and mineral nutrient absorption from soil for the plant
fungus gets constant supply of sugar from plant
saprobial fungi nutrition
absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter; important for recycling of nutrients in ecosystems
5 main types of fungi
zygospore, club, sac, imperfect, chytrids
zygospore fungi
reproduces by spores in the sporangia or zygospores
sporangia
structures found on the tips of hyphae that make spores (asexually)
zygospores
diploid structure that produces spores after sexual reproduction; only made in unfavourable conditions
club fungi
club-shaped hyphae called basidia, which produces basidiospores
sac fungi
produces spores in finger-like sacs called asci during sexual reproduction
ex. yeast
imperfect fungi
diverse group that only reproduces asexually
ex.
harmful: ringworm, athletes foot
helpful: penicillin, cyclosporine, soy sauce, blue cheese
chytrids fungi
unicellular, mostly aquatic with flagellated spores
lichens
fungus and an organism with chlorophyll (usually green algae or cyanobacteria) that live together mutualistically
can live in harsh environments
characteristics used to classify animals
absence or presence of backbone levels of organization number of body layers symmetry and body plans body cavity segmentation movement reproduction
all animals have cells and are organized into _______
tissues are organized into _________ and _____________
tissues
organs
organ systems
ectoderm
outer layer - produces skin, nerve tissue, and some sense organs
mesoderm
middle layer - produces muscle, blood, kidneys, and reproductive organs
endoderm
inner layer - produces lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder, and stomach lining
symmetry and body plans
radial symmetry - can be divided along any plane through a central axis
bilateral symmetry - can be divided into two mirror halves only along one plane through the central axis
coelom
a fluid-filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems
coelomates
animals with a coelom or body cavity
acoelomates
animals without a coelom
advantage of segmentation
single segment can be damaged but other segments function properly
increased mobility
phylum porifera
sponges
asymmetrical body plan and no tissues
feed by trapping food particles in water as the water passes through the internal channels of their bodies
phylum cnidaria
hydras, anemones, jellyfish, coral animals
have tissues, muscle and simple nervous system
swim and capture prey by using stinging tentacles around mouth opening
polyps like sea anemones are sessile
medusa like jellyfish are mobile
worms
body with a distinct head end segmented worms (Phylum Annelida) are coelomates (earthworms) flatworms (Phylum Platyhelminthes) are acoelomates and the least complex worms (tapeworms)
Phylum Mollusca
bilateral symmetry, three layers of cells, a coelum, and two body openings
all molluscs have a similar body plan with a membrane surrounding the internal organs - mantle
3 major classes of molluscs
bivalves (clams, mussels, oysters, and scallops)
gastropods (snails)
cephalopods (octopus, squid)
Phylum Echinodermata
Echinoderms
sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars
marine animals with radial symmetry, spiny endoskeletons (internal skeleton with calcium carbonate plates) and tube feet (like suction cups)
Phylum Arthropoda
spiders, scorpions, crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, shrimps) and insects
arthropod means jointed foot
have a segmented body and hard exoskeleton
phylum chordata
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
notocord and dorsal nerve cord
notocord
flexible, rod-shaped structure found in chordate animals,; during vertebrate development it is replaced by the spine
dorsal nerve cord
during development, nerve cord becomes brain and spinal cord
half of all living vertebrates are
fish
oldest living vertebrates (class agnathans)
lampreys
sharks and rays (class chondrichthyes)
skeletons made of cartilage
bony fish (class osteichthyes)
most common fish such as guppies, tuna, salmon, skeleton made of bone
amphibians
frogs, toads, salamanders most have an aquatic larval stage with gills adults are tetrapods breathe through lungs and/or skin most species use external fertilization
tetrapod
having four limbs adapted for moving on land
reptiles
lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians
most are terrestrial tetrapods with dry scaly skin
breathe with lungs
amniotic eggs
amniotic egg
internal fertilization, several layers of membranes develope around egg prior to secretion of the shell
birds
tetrapods with forelimbs modified as wings
most can fly and have feahters
warm-blooded
internal fertilization - lay hard-shelled amniotic eggs
have large brains and acute vision
mammals
mammary glands of females produce and secrete milk to nourish developing you
warm-blooded
heart with 4 chambers
tetrapods
have hair
large brains, acute vision and sense of smell
internal fertilization
three groups of mammals
monotremes - egg laying mammals (duck-billed platypus(
marsupials - pouched mammals, short gestation period (koala bears and kangaroos)
placental mammals - have a placenta (humans, primates, bears, bats, whales)
