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Biology 11 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

evolution

A

the process of genetic change in a population over time due to interaction with biotic and abiotic environmental factors

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2
Q

jean baptiste lamarck

A

early 1800s

inheritance of acquired characteristics

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3
Q

inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

by using or not using its body parts, an individual tends to develop certain characteristics, which it passes on to offspring

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4
Q

two main points in “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”

A

species were not created in their present form, but evolved from ancestral species
proposed a mechanism for evolution: natural selection

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5
Q

natural selection

A

individuals with favorable traits are more likely to leave more offspring better suited for their environment

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6
Q

darwin’s 5 points

A 
population has variations
some variations are favorable
more offspring are produced than survive
those that survive have favorable traits
a population will change over time
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7
Q

artificial selection

A

the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by man

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8
Q

evidence for evolution

A

fossil record, biogeography, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, molecular biology

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9
Q

fossil record

A

fossils and the order in which they appear in layers of sedimentary rock

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10
Q

transitional fossils

A

a fossil that shows the intermediary links between two groups of organisms with slight different features

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11
Q

biogeography

A

study of the geographical distribution of extinct and modern species

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12
Q

endemic

A

naturally found only in a particular location

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13
Q

comparative anatomy

A

structures that are similar because of common ancestry

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14
Q

homologous structures

A

structures that have similar structural elements and origin but may have a different function

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15
Q

analogous structures

A

structures of organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but perform similar functions

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16
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnants of structures that may have had important functions in ancestral species but have no clear function in some modern descendants

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17
Q

comparative embryology

A

study of structures that appear during embryonic development

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18
Q

molecular biology

A

DNA and proteins (amino acids)

19
Q

macroevolution

A

examines the change of organisms over long periods of time

examines formation of new species

20
Q

microevolution

A

examines the little changes that occur over shorter periods of time
includes mutations, gene pools, sexual selection

21
Q

gene pool

A

the total amount of unique alleles in a population

22
Q

mechanisms of microevolution

A 
natural selection
sexual selection
artificial selection
genetic drift
gene flow
23
Q

natural selection in microevolution

A

the environment increases the frequency of alleles which provide a reproductive advantage to individuals
the environment will place a selective pressure to certain phenotypes

24
Q

different types of selective pressures

A

stabilizing, directional, disruptive

25
Q

stabilizing selection

A

occurs when individuals near the centre of the phenotype range have a higher fitness that individuals at either end
ex. medium sized mice vs. fat and skinny mice

26
Q

directional selection

A

occurs when individuals at one end of the phenotypic range have higher fitness than individuals at the opposite end of the phenotypic range
ex. pesticide resistance and body size of horses

27
Q

disruptive selection

A

occurs when individuals in the upper and lower end ranges of the phenotypic spectrum have higher fitness than individuals in the middle
ex. african swallowtail butterfly mimics undesirable prey

28
Q

sexual selection

A

a form of natural selection in which certain individuals with certain traits are more likely to reproduce

29
Q

artificial selection

A

the intentional selection of favourable traits by breeding specific organisms together

30
Q

genetic drift

A

a change to the gene pool of a population due to chance

31
Q

bottlenose effect

A

when a disaster or human intervention occurs which drastically reduces the population
end result of a reduction in genetic variability and different gene pool frequencies

32
Q

founder effect

A

when a few individuals colonize an isolated island, lake, or some new habitat

33
Q

gene flow

A

the exchange of genes with another population usually due to migration

34
Q

species

A

a population or group of populations whose members have the ability to breed with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring

35
Q

speciation

A

production of a new species

36
Q

reproductive isolation

A

when two species can no longer breed with one another

37
Q

reproductive barriers

A

barriers that exist preventing species from breeding with one another

38
Q

pre-zygotic barriers

A

temporal isolation - breeding occurs at different times for different species
habitat isolation - species breed in different habitats
behavioral isolation - different species use different courtship and other mating cues
mechanical isolation - structural differences
genetic isolation - gametes fail to unite

39
Q

post-zygotic barriers

A

hybrid inviability - hybrid zygotes fail to develop or fail to reach maturity
hybrid sterility - hybrid fails to produce functional gametes
hybrid breakdown - offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile

40
Q

modes of speciation

A

allopatric speciation - when the ancestral population becomes separated by a geographical barrier/isolation
sympatic speciation - result of a radical change in the genome that produces a reproductively isolated population within the parent population

41
Q

divergent evolution

A

the process by which an ancestral species gives rise to a number of 2 or more new species that are adapted to different environmental conditions and become very dissimilar

42
Q

adaptive radiation

A

emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced to new and diverse environments

43
Q

convergent evolution

A

species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in very similar environments

44
Q

co-evolution

A

one species evolves in response to the evolutionary changes of another species

Biology 11 (7 decks)

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